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HISTORY

BMLDODOLOnioas

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Carroll County,

New Hampshire.

(ILLUSTRATED.)

We tell to-day the deeds of story, Ami legends of the oiden time, win]. voiFes, from an ancient glory, sun charm us as a silver chime.

The oM ami new join loving hands, The pasl before the present stands; The ages give each other greeting, And years recall their oM renown, Their acts of fortitude repeating That won for them historic crown.

The wheels now roll in lire ami thunder,

And bear us on with startling speed; They shake the dust of nations under The Mowers of forest, mount, and nirad. The oldtimc worthies siill are near, The spirit of the past is here; And where we tread, old Indian builders Looked forward through the mists of time A.S we look hack. The scene bewilders! And all the distance is sublime.

— Adapt* (/.

GEORGIA DREW MERRILL, Editor.

\V. A. FERGUSSON & CO.

BOSTON, mass.

1889.

Copyright, 1889, By W. A. Fergusson & Co.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

PRESS OF SAMUEL USHER, BOSTON, MASS.

FROM innumerable sources of information, — many of them broken, fragmentary, and imperfect, — from books, manuscripts, records, and private documents, we have gathered much of value respecting this land of Carroll and its savage and civilized occupancy. In our labors we have endeavored to separate truth from error, fact from fiction, as they come down to us from the half-forgotten days in legend, tradition, and the annals of the past.

We express our thanks to those who have willingly given of their time and labor to aid us; to those who have contributed the illustrations, thereby adding much to the value of this work ; to those whose cheering words and earnest assistance have ever been at our service ; and to all, for the uniform courtesy extended unto us during our sojourn in this most picturesque of counties.

CONTENTS.

OHAPTBB PAGE

I. THE COUNTY OF CARROLL .... 1 Organization — Towns Included — Addi- tions — Boundaries — Name — Strafford County — Area — Location and Boundaries

— Population, Agriculture, Manufactures, and Wealth — Statistics from Census of 1880

— Financial Condition — Altitudes.

ii. Geology 4

Rock Formations — Rock Systems — The Age of Ice — Glacial Drift — Lower Till — Upper Till — Champlain Period — Kames

— Recent or Terrace Period, etc. etc.

III. Geology.— (Continued) 8

Modified Drift, etc. — Saco River- Pine River — Ossipee Lake — Altitudes around Winnipiseogee Lake — Departure of the Ice Sheet — Lake Basins — Terraces — Kames

— Clay — Dunes — Lake District Elevations

— Conway Bowlders — The Washington Bowlder — Ordination Rock — Madison Bowlder — White Mountain Granites.

IV. Minerals 16

(upper — Arsenic — Galenite and Silver — Bornite — Sphalerite — Pyrite — ( Ihalcopy- rite — Arseuopyrite — Fluorite — Hematite

— Magnetite — Tin — Limonite — Quartz

— Beryl — Epidote — Mica — Feldspar — Tourmaline — Chiastolite — Fibrolite — Apatite — Scorodite — Calcite — Novaculite

— Gold.

V. Flora 19

Alleghanian. Canadian, Arctic or Alpine Divisions — White-Pine — Pitch and Bed Pine — Hemlock — Oaks — Chestnut — But- ternut — Elm — Maples — Birches — Beech Black and White A-h— Black. Choke, and Fire Cherries — Black Spruce — White Spruce — Balsam-Fir — American Larch — Poplar — Small Trees and Shrubs — Alpine Plants.

VI. Inkivx History 23

Aboriginal Indians — Iroquois — Mohawks

— Algonquins — New England Tribes — Wigwams — Social Life. Government, and Language — Food — Religion- Taratines War. Famine, and Plague — Nipmucks Passaconawav — Wonalancet - Kancama-

CIIAPTER PAGE

gUS — LOVewell'S Enterprises. Buttle, etc.

— Death of Paugus — Abenaquis — St Francis Village —Bounties for Scalps and Prisoners.

VII. Early History 39

The Sokokis and Pequawketi — Eastern Boundary Line — Walter Bryant's Journal

— Continuation of Boundary Line — Rang- ing Parties and Military Occupation — Early Grants — Townships Granted — First Settlement — Early Censuses — Pop- ulation, Polls, and Real Estate — Rapid Increase — Early Selectmen.

VIII. Early Land Grants, Titles, etc. . 44 Grants by James I — North Virginia — Ply- mouth Company — Captain John Smith — New England — Sir Ferdinando Gorges and Captain John Mason —Province of Maine — Laconia — First Settlement of New Hampshire — Annulling of Plymouth Charter — Death of John Mason — Liti- gation — Robert Tufton Mason — Gov- ernor Benuing Wentworth — Twelve Pro- prietors and their Grants — Legislative Settlements of Mason's Grant.

IX. Early Settlers 50

Character of Early Settlers of New Hamp- shire— Concerning the Houses, Manner of Living, etc. — ''The Meeting-house" — Minister — Traveling — Labor — Chil- dren— Carroll County Pioneers — Hard- ships — Privations — ^Sufferings — Educa- tion — Dress, etc.

X. Primitive Manners and Customs . 55

Clearing Land— Planting — First Crops- Preparation of Flax — Carding — (Jarments

— IIoum's— Modes of Traveling— Food Primitive Cooking— " Driving" —Game

— Liquors — Tools— Spinning— Loom and Weaving.

XI. Roads G3

Indian Trails — Roads, Turnpikes, and Highways — Earlj Post-routes— Extracts from Governor and Lady Frances Went- worth's Letters— Return of the Governor's Load to Plymouth — A Coach and Sis

VI

Contents.

PAGE

Lake

XIII.

CHATTER

Turnpikes — Canals — Railroads

Na\ igation. \n. i;i you noNAKi Period lnd w ar

OV 1812 7:''

The Association Test — Patriotic Spirit- Colonel Poor's Regiment — Bounty and Encouragemenl —Nam''- of Recruits — Col- one] Badger's Return — Colonel Badger's Reporl to Committee oi Safety— Names of Officers and Soldiers -.Scouting Parties — Wakefield Wolf eborough — Effingham— Moultonborough — Tamworth — Conway Sandwich— Tenth and Fourteenth Regi- ments— War of 1812.

White Mountains 87

Topography — Mt Starr King Group — Mt . arter Group -Ml Washington Range- Cherry Mountain District — Mt Willey Range — Passaconawaj Range — Albany Mountains— Pequawkel Area— History — Mythology — First Visited — Winthrop's Account — Darby Field's Ascent — Josse- lyn's Description — " The Chrystal Hills"

— Later Visits — Western Pass or •• Notch " — First Settlement — Scientific Explorations- Scenery of the "Notch"

— Nash and Sawyer's Grant — "A Horse through the Notch" Sawyer's Rock — Fir-t Articles of Commerce — Tenth New Hampshire Turnpike — Brackett's Account of Naming and Ascertaining the Heights — Other Scientific Visitors — Hardships of Early Settlers — First Bouse in the " Notch " — Crawford's Cabin on the Summit — Summit House — Tip-top House — First Winter Ascent- Carriage Road — Glen House— Ml Wash- ington Railway — Mountain Tragedies — ••Anion- the Clouds" — Signal Station- Mi Washington Summit House.

XIV. Scenery^ Attractions, Tradi-

I ion-. \Mi Legendsoi C vrroll, 101 Observation Points: — Copple Crown - Moose Mountain — "Tumble-down Dick" \li Delighl Green Mountain Ml Prospecl Pockel Hill Batson Hill — Trask's Hill Whiteface and Cotton Moun- tains -Ossipee Mountains Mt Shaw — i issipce Park - Whittier Peak Uncle Tom's Hill Red Hill Mt Israel Sand- wich Dome Mt Whiteface Passacona- waj The Potash Ml Paugus — Mt \\ onalancel Mt Chocorua Apostrophe to Chocorua Gow Hill Hear Mountain — Table Mountain .Mote Mountain i; igle and White-horse Ledges Haystack Mountain Cathedral Ledge Devil's Den Mi Attitash Conway's Green

CHAPTER PAGE

Hills — Mt Kearsarge — Thorn Mountain — Iron Mountain — Double-head — Spruce, Black, and Sable Mountains — Baldf ace — Lyman, Glines, and Cragged Mountains. XV. Scenery, Attractions, Tradi- tions, and Legends of Car- roll. — (Continued) 109

Character of First Settlers — Lake Winni- piseogee— Squam Lake — Squaw Cove — Sandwich Notch — Chocorua — Paugus. NVI. Scenery. Attractions, Tradi- tions, and Legends of Car- roll. —(Concluded) 125

( lhampney Falls —Bear Camp River — The Great Carbuncle— Saco River — The Story of Nancy — Carter Notch — Pinkham Notch

— Boott's Spur — The Crystal Cascade — Glen Ellis Falls — Goodrich Falls — Con way

— Echo Lake — Diana's Bath — Artists' Brook — Thomas Starr King — The Poet Whittier.

XVII. Military History 134

Military Affairs in Carroll County Prior to 1861— Soldiers in the Rebellion 1861 to 1865.

XVIII. Masonic, Odd Fellow, Medical, and Temperance Organizations, 186

MASONIC. — Morning Star Lodge, Wolfe- borough— Charter Oak Lodge, Effingham

— Unity Lodge, Union — Carroll Lodge, Freedom — Red Mountain Lodge, Sandwich

— Ossipee Valley Lodge. Centre O-sipeC —

.Mount Washington Lodge, North Conway

— Officers of the Grand Lodge. Odd Fel- lowship.—Saco Valley Lodge, North Con- way—Bear Camp Lodge, Sandwich —Cold River Lodge. Tamworth — Osceola Lodge, Barl lett — Trinity Lodge, Eaton — Fidelity Lodge, Wolf eborough — Crystal Lodge, Madison — Carroll County Medical Society

— Work of the Woman's Christian Tem- perance Union.

XIX. Newspapers and Manufactures, 'j-il Newspapers — Charles H. Parker— Timber and Lumbering— Maple-sugar Making — < >ther Resources — Healthfulness — Why Manufacturers Should Locate Here- Em- igration Should Tend Hitherward.

XX. State and County Officials . . • 232

Delegates to Constitutional Conventions- Early Representatives -Classed Representa- tives Members of Congress —State Coun- cillors -Presidents of the Senate — State Senators — Justices of Court of Sessions

Justices of Court of Common Pleas County Justices— Clerks of Superior Court, Court of Common Pleas, and Supreme

Contents.

vn

. ii LPTBB r.\i;i'.

Court— Judges of Probate— Registers of

Probate and Deeds — Treasurers — Solici- tors— Sheriffs — Commissioners.

\\i. Courts and County Buildings . 23s History of the Courts— The Superior Court

of Judicature — The Inferior Court of Common Pleas — The Court of General Ses- sions of the Peace — Prohate Court — Trial Terms — Court-House — County Farm, House, and Jail.

XXII. Courts, Lawyers, and Notable

Trials 242

Introduction — James Otis Freeman — Sam- uel Emerson — Samuel Peabody — Judge Charles A. Peabody— Ira A. Bean— Lawyer Everett — Robert Tibbets Blazo— William M. Weed — Nathaniel Quimby — Aaron Beede Hoyt — Neal McGaffey — John Me- Gaffey — Judge David Hammonds Hill

— Erastus P. Jewell — Henry Asa Folsom

— A. Birnay Tasker — Levi Folsom — Henry C. Durgin — George P. Davis — Elbridge Fogg — Charles E. Hoag— Horace L. Had- ley — William B. Fellows — Alonzo Mc- Crillis — David McCrillis — Samuel Hidden Went worth — Paul Wentworth — Moses J. Wentworth — George Wiuslow Wiggin — Alpheus B. Stickney — William Quinby — Aaron Beede, Jr — JohnPeavey — Zachariah Batchelder— Joseph Farrar— Charles F. Hill

— William Copp Fox — Edwin Pease — George E. Beacham— Sewall W. Abbott — Joseph Tilton — David Copp, Jr — Amasa Copp — William Sawyer — Josiah Hiltou Hobbs — Luther Dearborn Sawyer — George Y. Sawyer — Hon. Joshua Oilman Hall — John Paul — Amasa C. Paul— Charles Ches- ley — Frank Hobbs — Charles W. Sanborn — Edward A. Paul — Arthur L. Foote — Josiah Dearborn — Samuel Q. Dearborn — Hayes Lougee — John Sumner Kunnells — Orestes Topliff— Nicholas O. Blaisdell — Elmer Smart — Josiah H. Hobbs — Uriah Copp, Jr — Sanborn B. Carter — Buel Clinton Carter — Samuel D. Quarles — Frank Weeks

— Oliff Cecil Moulton — George Barstow French — Charles B. Oafney — Zara Cutler

— Benjamin Boardman — < >bed Hall — Hon. Joel Eastman — Francis Russell Chase — diaries B. Shackford — John Colby Lang Wood — John B. Nash — Frederic B. Os- good—Hon. O. W. M. Pitman Seth Wy- man Fife — John Bickford — James A. Edgerly — Conclusion — Notable Trials.

XXIII. WOLFEBOROUGH 270

Kingswood — Grant — Grantees Associ- ates—Township Delined— Wolfeborough

CHAPTER PAGE

Addition, etc. — To] tography — Bays— Lake Wentworth — Ponds — Mountains— Abori- gines—Name — Survey — < lommittee for Settling — .'Miles Road Elisha Bryant- Drawing of Lots - - First .Mills — The Neck —First Settlers —Forfeitures — Charter — Action of Town in First Meetings — Fair — Quaint Records — Officers — Prosperity and Depression — Ammunition — Committee of Safety — I uventories of 177G — Governor Wentworth and his Farm.

XXIV. Wolfeborough. — (Continued) . 29G

Something about the Proprietors — Early Settlers — Early Families and their Descend- ants.

XXV. Wolfeborough. — (Continued) . .312 Revolution — Proprietors and the Laud they Owned — Schools — Advancement of the Town — Wolfeborough Village about 1800 — Action of Town in Civil War- Later Chronicles — Civil List.

XXVI. Wolfeborough. — (Continued) . .325 Church History — Town Meeting-house — Rev. Ebenezer Allen — Congregational Church — North Wolfeborough Congrega- tional Church — First freewill Baptist Church — Rev. Isaac Townsend — Deacon B. F. Parker — Second Freewill Baptist Church — First Christian Church — Second Christian Church — Second Advents — First Unitarian Society — Church Buildings.

XXYII. Wolfeborough.— (Continued) . 347 Schools — Early Teachers — " Master Con- nor" — School Districts — School Com- mittees — School Money — Wolfeborough and Tuftonborough Academy — Incorpora- tion — Charter — Lot — Proprietors — Acad- emy Building — Chapel — Pewholders — Trustees of Academy— Preceptors — < Ihris- tian Institute — School Money for 1888 — Number of Scholars — Social Library — Brewster Free Academy — Temperance.

XXVIII. Wolfeborough. — (Concluded) . 356 MilN and Manufactures — Early Stores and Traders— Taverns — Hotels — Summer Boarding-houses — Insurance Company— Banks — Physicians — Fatal Casualties — Fires — Societies— Brewster Memorial Hall

— Present Business Interests--- Pen Pic- ture"—Financial Condition— Biographical Sketches.

XXIX. MOULTONBOROUGH 392

Location and Surveys — Grant — Names of ( ; rantees— Bounties to Settlers — Bounties to Mill-builders — Petition of Proprietors

— Incorporation — Name.

\ 111

Contents.

. II IPTEK PAGE

XXX. Moultonborough. — (Continued) . 306 Boundaries— Mbultonborough Neck and Long Island — Brown Family — Easl Moul- ton borough — Moultouborougb Fulls — Moultonborough Corner — Red Mountain

The Cook Family — Ossipee Mountain - Ossipee Park— B. F. Sbaw— Pond9 and Streams Little Winnipiseogee Pond — Red Hill River Gristmill -Sawmill Emery's M il Is — Indian Occupancy, Relics, etc. — Early Prices.

XXXI. Moultonborough.— (Continued) 401 Firsl Town-meeting — Inventory — Divi- sion Line: Jonathan Moulton— Moulton- borough and Sandwich Social Library — Colonel Nathan Doit— 1820 — Early Set- tlers and their Descendants — John Mars- ton Richardson Family — Smith Family — Lee Family — Evans Family — The Sturte- vants— Moulton, Bean, and Ambrose Fami- lies, etc. —Early Life— Prominent Natives not Residents — Temperance Question.

XXXLT. Moultonborough.— (Continued) 407 Ecclesiastical — First Meeting-house — Con- gregational < ihurch— Covenanl Presented— Signers — Petition in Relation to Rev. Samuel Perley — Rev. Jeremiah Shaw — Salary — Ordination — Rev. Joshua Dodge

— New Church at the Corner — Metho- disl Church- Pastors — Freewill Baptisl Church — Christian Baptists and Advent- ists.

XXXIII. Moultonborough.— (Concluded) 410 Physicians— Business Men — Other Sketches

— Action of Town in the Rebellion — Civil

List.

XXXIV. TUFTONBOROUGH 422

Introduction — Boundaries — Description

- Scenery —Township Granted — Names on Firsl Inventory -Petition pf Woodbury Langdon -other Petitions— Reception of Petition-, etc. Act of Incorporation — Record of First Town-meeting— First Roads First Settlers — Town-house — Public Library.

XXXV. Tuftonborough. —(Continued) . 430 i longregational Church — Methodist Epis- copal Church -First Christian Church- ed Christian Church— Firsl Freewill

Baptisl Church A<lv<-it Church — Tem- perance — Schools. x XXVI. Tuftonborough.— (Concluded) 436 Civil War— Postoffices- -Villages— Islands ties — Civil Fist Biographical Sketches.

XXXVII. BROOKFIELD l.-.o

Incorporation and Description— Early Set-

CHAPTER PAGE

t lers — First Town-meeting — Records of L795 Inventory of 1796 — Further Town- meetingi — The Haven Farms — Religious Societies — The Great Rebellion— Business Interests, etc. — Prominent Families— Civil List.

XXXVIII. WAKEFIELD 462

Wakefield — Original Name — Incorpora- tion — Changes — Surface — Bodies of Water— Extract from Proprietors' Records —Petition for Incorporation — First Town Officers — Civil List.

XX XIX. Wakefield. — (Continued) . . 468 Topography — Masonian Proprietors— East Town — Early Settlement — Lots — Early Settlers — Lieutenant Jonathan Oilman — Captain Jeremiah Gilinan — John Horn — ( Japtain David Copp — Deacon Simeon Dear- I >orn — John Dearborn — Josiah Page — John Kimball — Noah Kimball — Colonel Jonathan Palmer — Andrew Gilman — Clement Steel — Benjamin Perkins— Rev. Avery Hall — Samuel Sherborn — William Moore.

XL. Wakefield.— (Continued) .... 473 Early Settlers Continued — Samuel and Joseph Haines — Robert Hardy — Extract t rom Diary of RobertHardy — -Josiah Hun- ford — Samuel. Samuel, Jr, and Ahner Allen— Nathaniel Balch— Eliphalet Quimby

— Daniel Hall — Samuel Hall — John Scrib- ner — Reuben Lang — Jacob Lock — Weeks Family — Mayhew Clark — Nathan Mor- dough — Joseph Maleham — Daniel Horn — John Huggins — Benjamin Safford and others — John Wingate — Eliphalet Phil- brook — Captain Robert ('alder — Captain Joseph Manson — Joseph Wiggin — Richard Dow — Isaac Fellows — Nathan Dearborn — Thomas Cloutman — Benjamin and David Horn — Simeon, Isaiah, and Jacob Wiggin.

XLI. Wakefield.— (Continued) .... 478 Wakefield in the Revolution — Extracts from Records — Signers of Association Test— Captain Gilman — Militia Officers, Requirements, and Supplies — Early Roads

— Some Acts whicli make for Peace and Safety.

XLII. Wakefield. — (Continued) ... 481 Transition State — Petition for Repeal of Lumber Act — Petition Relative to Arrears of Taxes — Tax List of 1795 — Town Busi- ness—War of 1812 — John Paul— Wake- field in 1817 — Extracts from Town Records and Action of Town — From 1817 to 1842

— The Poor in Town — The Mexican War — War for the Union — Action of Town in the Rebellion — Town Debt.

Contents.

IX

CHAPTER l'v''1

Xl.lll. Waki'i ii i i>. (< lontinued) . . • 187 Ecclesiastical History- < lentennial Poem FirstChurch- -Organization FirstMem- bers Early Action Rev. Asa Piper l;. iv. Samuel Nichols Rev. Nathaniel Barker — Martin Leffingwell Joseph B. Tufts Rev. Daniel Dana Tappan Rc\ . Al\:m Tobej Rev. Sumner Clark —

• Rev. George O. Jenness Rev. Alberl II.

Thompson -Rev. Lyman White- Early Historj "T Church ami Society— Deacons

— Other Members — One Hundredth Anni- versary -Second Congregational Church — Organization — Original Members —Min- isters Deacons — Sunday-school- Free- will Baptist Churches — Methodisl Epis- copal Church — Second Advent Church Episcopal Church — Meeting-houses, etc.

XLIY. Wakefield.— (Continued) . . . 506 Education, Early Provisions for — Teach- ers' Wages First Schools Districts — School Committees — Common Schools — Dow Academy — Wakefield Academy — Col- legiates — Teachers, etc. — Libraries —

Societies.

xi.v. Wakefield. — (Concluded) . . . 514 Development — Union Village — Railroads

— Wolfboro Junction — Manufacturing — Population — Polities — East Wakefield — Taverners and Traders — Early Prices .North Wakefield and Wakefield Corner — Physicians Longevity, etc — Biographi- cal Sketches.

XLVI. EFFINGHAM 531

Situation— Original Grant — North Effing- ham ■ Area — Surface — Boundaries Indian Relics — Proprietors' Meeting — Conditions of Charter— Survej Early Scii lements — Association Test — Early Ac- count- Pay of Town Officers <i\il List.

XLYII. Effingham.— (Continued) . . . 538 Roads and Bridges -Highway Districts in wi-j Mails, Postoffices, Stage Routes Effingham Fall-- South Effingham— Hunt- ress Neighborhood Merchants — House on Green Mountain— [ce Cave.

SLVIII. Effingham. -(Concluded) . . 547 Preaching— < fhurches- Schools — Higher School- -Physicians — Sheriff— F. W. Barker.

\LI\. FREEDOM 560

incorporation -Description — Boundaries

— Population Freedom Grange -Manu- facturing Mercantile Houses Physicians

— lion. Zebulon Pease Savings Bank — Baptist Church — Christian Church.

CHAPTER PAGE

L. Freedom. (Concluded) 667

Civil List Town Annals Biographical Sketches.

l.l. OSSIPEE :.:•.»

Description -Lake-. Streams, and Ponds

— Origin of Name — Boundaries and Changes [ncorporation Forts Indian Monumental Mound -"Where some of the Early Settlers lived Early .Mill- Stores and Trader-.

LIL Ossipee. (Continued) 589

What the Early Records Contain Early Taverners- Early Marriages — First In- ventory.

LIII. Ossipee. — (Continued) :»:u

Gleanings from Town Records — Action of Town in the War of 1861 — Later Chroni- cles—Condition of Schools.

L1Y. Ossipee. — (Continued) 603

First Congregational Church — First Meet- ing-house— Freewill Baptist Churches First Methodist Episcopal Church.

LV. Ossipee.— (Continued) 615

Villages ossipee — Centre o-sjpee — West ( >ssipee — Ossipee Valley — Moul- tonville — Water Village — Leighton's Corners — Family and Personal Sketches.

LVI. Ossipee. — (Concluded) 633

Civil List — Statistics — Biographical Sketch.-.

LVII. SANDWICH CD

Charter — Boundaries — Names of Grantees

— Additional Grant — First Meeting of Proprietors — Orlando Weed — Terms of Sei i lenient — ( it her Set t lers — Further En- couragement— Drawing of Lots — Daniel Beede's Survey — Committee to Prosecute Colonel Jonathan .Moult on — Proprietors' Gift to Sandwich.

LVIII. Sandwich. — (Continued) . . . . 640 Situation — I lealtlifulne-- -Scenery Sand- wich Dome — Red Hill Pond — Wentworth Ilill — First Birth— Selectmen's Return in 1775— Some Residents in 1776— French and Indian War— Revolutionary Soldiers

— Earlj Traders — Lower Corner — Centre .Sandwich. 1800-10 — Business Centres- Early Industries I'liy-icians Dentist .Mill- and Manufactures Merchants Sandw ich < 'attic Freshet- Longe> ity

— Summer Boarding-houses, etc. etc.

l.l X. SANDWicn. (Continued) 664

Characteristics of Early Settlers — Emi- gration— Early Population — Early Com- merce and Highways — Place of Settlement

— Colonel Jonathan Moulton — The Asso-

Contents.

CHAPTEB PAGE

ciation Test— Signers' Names— Inventor j df its:; Persona] Sketches.

I,\. Sandwich. — (Continued) 677

Church Bistory — Elder Jacob Jewell — Calvinistic Baptists — Freewill Baptisi Church — Sketches of some of its Pastors

— North Sandwich Freewill Baptisl Church — Methodism — Congregational Churches — The Friends — Education — Sandwich Library Association.

I. XI. Sandwich.— (Concluded) .... 694 Excerpts from Early and Late Town Records Action of Town in Civil War — civil List — Biographical Sketches.

l.XII. TAM WORTH 731

Name — Surface — Bodies of Water — Boundaries — Chocorua Lake — Tarn worth

— Grantees — First Settlers and Set- tlements—Progress and Prosperity — "Siege of Wolves" — Trout — Tamworth Village — South Tamworth — Hotels — Tamworth Inn — Tamworth Iron Works

— Chocorua House — Merchants of Tam- worth Iron Works — Cottages — First Inventory — Water-powers, Mills, and Manufacturing.

LXIII. Tamworth.— (Continued) . . . 743

Town Annals from 1777 — Action of Town in Civil War — Soldiers in Organizations outside the State — Civil List and Later Annals.

LX1V. Tamworth. — (Continued) . . . 75G Church History — Arrangements for Set- tling Mr Samuel Hidden —Parsonage — Letter of Acceptance — Organization and Ordination — Original Members — Rev. Mr Hidden*- Pastorate — The Hidden Monu- ment - Other Pastors— Deacons— Free- will Baptists — Rev. John Runnels — Second, Third,, and South Tamworth Bap- tist Churches— Rev. David Bean— Metho- disl Episcopal Church— "Reminiscences of Rev. Samuel Hidden" — Education.

LXV. Tamworth. (((included) .... 765

s" Citizens, Families, and Business

[ntcrests- Biographical Sketches.

I.WI. A I. KAN V 7S-2

Grant Boundaries Grantees — Descrip- tion Seltlemenl Petition — Orlando Weed Colonel Jeremiah Oilman — A Hard Family — Population— Albany in 1868 Timber Lands — Freewill Baptisl Church Union Chapel of Chocorua — Civil List.

I.WI I. EATON 788

Date of Grant— Description — Number

CHAPTER PAGE

of Polls hi 1783 — First Town-meeting—

Additions to Town — Eaton Centre — Snowville — Mills — William Robertson

— Other Early Settlers — Sketches — Churches.

LXVIII. Eaton.— (Concluded) 795

War of 1S12 Action in Civil War — Civil List and Extracts from Town Records — Inventory, Valuation, etc., 1889 — Bio- graphical Sketches.

LXIX. MADISON 802

Organization — Description — Boundaries

— Some Early Settlers — Mills — Silver Mine — Physicians — Early Taverns — Traders — Silver Lake — Silver Lake Yi\- lage — Bickford's Cave — Madison Village.

LXX. Madison. — (Concluded) 809

Town Annals — Freewill Baptist Churches

— Rev. Charles E. Blake — Civil List — Statistics.

LXX I. COX WAY 815

Introduction — Conditions of Charter and Boundaries — Grantees — Pequawket — The Original Proprietors and List of Settlers — Andrew McMillan's Petition

— Roads — Prominent Settlers — Signers of Association Test — Early Mills — Early Prices — Early Innkeepers — Early Taxes

— Early Music — Early Survey — Freshet of October, 1785 — Inventory of 1794.

LXXII. Conway. — (Continued) . ... 826

Extracts from Proprietors' Records — Annals from Town Records — Action in the Civil War— Civil List.

LXXIII. Conway.— (Continued) . . . .843 Brief Sketches of some of the Early Set- tlers, their Families and Descendants — Physicians — Schools.

LXX IV. Conway. — (Continued) .... 859 Ecclesiastical — First Preaching — What Rev. Timothy Walker wrote — Mr Moses Adams — Rev. Mr Porter's Letter — ( 'hurch Organization — Covenant — Sign- ers— First Minister — Other Pastors — Second Church — Meeting-houses — Bap- tist Church — Protests — Organization — Petition for Incorporation — Pastors — Reorganization — Other Pastors — Con- way Freewill Baptist Church — Methodism in Conway — Episcopal Church.

LXXV. Conway. — (Concluded) .... st;> Industrial Development — Mills, Tanneries, and Stores in 1832 — Largest Tax-payers in 1832— Chaises in 1S32— Conway in 1858 and 1S72 — Farms, etc. — Conway Village in 1879 — Conway Savings Bank — Sturte-

Index to Towns.

m

CHAFTBB I'AiiK

rant's Peg-wood Mill — Bennett's Spool Factory — Conway House — Pequawkel House — other Business [nterests — North ( lonway - Scenery -Libraries — North < !on- way Water-works, etc. — Railroad Stations

— Hotels — Kearsarge House— North Con- way House Sunset Pavilion — Bellevue House — Eastman House— Artists' Falls House— McMillan House— Randall House

— Moat Mountain House — Past and Present Business Men and interests — The interval* — Intervale House, etc. — Kear- Barge Village— Merrill House — The Orient

— The Ridge — Redstone — Centre Conway

— Cotton's Manufactory — Centre House, etc. — South Conway — Green Hills — Conway Street — East Conway — Bio- graphical Sketches.

EX XVI. BAKTLETT 909

Description — Scenery — Mountains — Rivers

— The Saco — Incorporation — Grant — Lieutenant Vere Roysc — Pioneers — Rela- tive to a Bridge over East Branch — Roads and Bridges — Signers to a Petition — An- drew McMillan's Petition — Mills — Some- thing Concerning Early Settlers — Names on the Tax-list of 1811.

I. XXVII. Bartlett. — (Continued) . . .917 Town Annals and Civil List — Action of Town in the Rebellion.

EX XV III. Bartlett. — (Concluded) . . .927 Early Hotels and Staging — Physicians — Bartlett Village— Bartlett Land and Luni-

" I'M. I

ber Company -Kearsarge Pi Company — Description Business interests Glen Station — Later Hotels Resources Free- will Baptist Church Methodisl Episcopal Church Chapel of the mils — Biographi- cal Sketches.

EX XIX. IIAUT'S LOCATION

9 il-

ex XX. JACKSON in;,

Introduction -Scenery — Situation Moun- tains incorporation — Grants — Firsl Set- ters - Petitions — First Town-meeting — First Road — Inventory of 1801 — Some Early Settlers and their Descendants — Personal Sketches.

LX.XXI. Jackson. — (Concluded) .... 956 The First Schoolhouse — Early Teacher-

— School Surroundings, etc. — Freewill Baptist Church — Rev. Daniel Elkins and Other Pastors — The Protestant Chapel Association — Temperance — Libraries — Manufacturing and Merchants — Hotels — Centennial Celebration — Civil List — Action of Town in the Rebellion — Character of the People — Glen Ellis Falls

— Biographical Sketches.

EX XXII. CHATHAM 977

Description — Population — Families —Ac- tion of the Proprietors — Early Settlers — Extracts from -Town Records — Chatham in the Rebellion — Reminiscences of Samuel Phipps, Jr — Church History — Education

— Civil List — Biographical Sketches.

INDEX TO TOWNS.

I'AGE

ALBANY 782

BARTLETT 909

BROOKFIELD 150

< HATHAM 977

CONWAY 815

BATON 788

EFFINGHAM 531

FREEDOM 5C0

HART'S LOCATION 942

i'agi;

JACKSON 945

MADISON 802

MOULTONBOROUGH 392

OSSIPEE .">7'.»

SANDWICH (it l

TAM WORTH T:;i

TUFTONBOROUGH 4^2

WAKEFIELD 162

WOLFEBOROUGH JT!i

BIOGRAPHIES AND ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

CARROLL COUNT! MAP Facing 1

MOUNT A\I> LAKE CHOCORUA engraving ... 106

PARKER, CHARLES II 224

WEED, COL WILLIAM M engraving ... 245

HILL, JUDGE DAVID H.1 engraving ... 249

EASTMAN, HON. JOEL engraving ... 266

PITMAN, HON. G. W. M engraving ... 270

AVERY, SAMUEL engraving ... 373

PICKERING, DANIEL engraving . . . 380

BROWN, ADAM engraving . . . 383

HUGGINS, SAMUEL engraving ... 386

HUGGINS, JOHN P engraving ... 388

WHITTON, HON. THOMAS L engraving ... 389

PEAVEY, JOHN 1 391

PEAVEY, COL JOHN engraving ... 447

SANBORN, IK»N. JOHN W engraving . . . 521

GARVIN, CAPTAIN EBENEZER engraving . . . 524

CANNEY, MOSES]? engraving . . . 527

DORR, GEORGE S 529

DEMERITT, JOHN engraving . . . 557

TOWLE, ELI AS engraving . . . 574

THURSTON, JOSIAH engraving ... 576

THE QUARLES FAMILY 637

QUARLES, LIEUT-COL SAMUEL I) engraving ... 638

GRANT, NATHANIEL. M.D engraving . . . 040

WHITE. CHARLES, M.D engraving ... 706

WHITE, CHARLES HENRY, SURGEON U. S. N. . . engraving ... 708

COOK, JOHN engraving . . . 709

COOK, ASA S engraving . . . 711

THE WENTWORTH FAMILY 713

WENTWORTH, COL JOSEPH engraving ... 714

HOYT, AARON BEEDE engraving ... 715

WIGGIN, MEHITABLE BEEDE 717

MARSTON, HON. MOULTON H engraving ... 719

HEARD, HON. WILLIAM A engraving ... 720

FELLOWS, COL ENOCH Q. . engraving . . . 723

FELLOWS, ( HRISTOPHEB C 726

SKINNER, DANIEL M engraving . . . 727

STEVENSON, JOHN M engraving ... 777

PERKINS, TRUE engraving . . . 779

PERKINS, EDWIN R engraving ... 780

SNOW. EDWIN engraving ... 799

MASON, NATHANIEL E engraving ... 895

ABBOTT, HIRAM C engraving . . . S9S

\ an appreciation of many kindnesses and valuable assistance rendered in preparing this History, the engraving of Judge Hill is contributed by the publishers.

Biographies and Illustrations.

Mil

PAGE

MoKTON, LEANDEF. S engraving . . . 901

MORRILL, JOEL E ,.','.'. 903

PITMAN, HON. LTCURGUS engraving ! ! '. 903

MURPHY, LADY BLANCHE 905

THE PENDEXTEK FAMILY \ 935

PENDEXTER, SAMUEL engraving . '. ! 937

PENDEXTER, CHARLES C engraving . . . 938

PENDEXTER, SOLOMON D sngraving . . . 939

PITMAN, HON. JOSEPH engraving . . '. 940

TRICKEY, CAPTAIN JOSHUA engraving . . . 967

WENTWORTH, GEN. MARSHALL C engraving . . . 969

BTILLLNGS, NICHOLAS T engraving . . . 972

THE MESERVE FAMILY 973

EASTMAN, ASA :M

CLAY, ITHIELE engraving . . . 985

HISTORY

OF

Carroll County.

CHAPTER I.

THE COUNTY OF CARROLL.

Organization — Towns Included — Additions — Boundaries — Name — Strafford County — Area, Location, and Boundaries — Population, Agriculture, Manufactures, and Wealth — Sta- tistics from Census of 1880 — Financial Condition — Altitudes.

CARROLL COUNTY was created by an act of the state legislature approved December 23, 1840, which also formed Belknap county. The language of the act concerning the towns embraced in Carroll county is " the said count}' of Carroll shall contain all the lands and waters included within the following towns and places, which now constitute a part of the county of Strafford, to wit: Albany, Brookfield, Chatham, Conway, Eaton, Effingham, Freedom, Moultonborough, Sandwich, Tarn worth, Tuftonborough, Ossipee, Wakefield, and Wolfborough, and the said towns be, and the same are hereby, severed and disannexed from the county of .Strafford."

By an act of the legislature approved January 5, 1853, Bartlett, Jackson, and lint's Location were disannexed from the county of Coos and annexed to ( arroll county.

Boundaries lid ween Belknap and Carroll counties were established in 1841 thus: "Beginning at the easterly termination of the line dividing the towns of Meredith and Moultonborough; thence running easterly to the southerly point of Long Island in Winnipisseogee lake; thence easterly to the westerly termi- nation of the line dividing the towns of Wolfborough and Alton ; and all the lands and waters lying northerly of said line and between that and said towns

History of Carroll County.

of Moultonborough, Tuftonborough, and Wolfborough shall constitute a part of said county of Carroll."

The town of Madison was incorporated from the western part of Eaton in 1852.

Carroll county received its name in commemoration of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, one of the most distinguished of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, and by the diversified and lovely character of its bewitching scenery is keeping the name a household word in the cultured minds of both the old and new worlds. No other county in the state presents more attrac- tions to the traveler, and none other has received such a wealth of tribute from pen of poet or gifted litterateur.

Strafford county, from which Carroll was formed, was one of the five origi- nal counties of New Hampshire, being made by the same act which created Rockingham, Hillsborough, Cheshire, and Grafton, March 19, 1771. Many of the towns in Carroll have a much older corporate existence than the county, and some of them are as old as the five first counties. The early or pioneer stage belongs here rather to the towns than to the county, and will receive attention in their history.

Carroll county contains an area of nearly six hundred square miles, is sur- rounded on the north by Coos and Grafton counties, east by York and Oxford counties in Maine, southeast by Strafford county, southwest and west by Belk- nap and Grafton counties, and lies between 43° 28' and 44° 35' north latitude, and 3° 20' and 6° 10' longitude east from Washington.

Population, agricultural and manufacturing statistics from census of 1880. — The entire population of Carroll is 18,291, an improvement over 1870, which showed 17,332, and a falling off from 1860, which gave 20,465, and from 1850, which was 20,157. Albany had in 1880, 361 ; in 1870, 339 ; Bartlett and Hailes Location, 1,044 in 1880; Brookfield 1880, 428; 1870, 416; Chatham 1880, 421; 1870, 445; Conway 1880, 2,094; 1870, 1,607; Eaton 1880, 629 ; 1870,657; Effingham 1880, 865'; 1870,904; Freedom 1880, 714; 1870, 737; Hart's Location 1880, 70 ; 1870,26; Jackson 1880,464; 1870,474; Madison 1880, 586; 1870, 646; Moultonborough 1880, 1,254; 1870, 1,299; Ossipee L880, 1,782; 1870, 1,822; Sandwich 1880, 1,701; 1870, 1,854; Tamworth 1880, 1,274 ; 1870, 1,344 ; Tuftonborough 1880, 923 ; 1870, 949 ; Wakefield 1880, 1,392 ; 1870, 1,185 ; Wolfeborough 1880, 2,222 ; 1870, 1,995.

In 1880 Carroll county had 2,753 farms, with a total of 168,232 acres of improved land, while 158,019 acres were mountain, woodland, and forest, and 10,213 acres additional were unimproved. The aggregate value of these farms was 84,431, o72, including land, fences, and buildings; of farming imple- ments and machinery, 1164,626 ; livestock, $703,680 ; estimated value of farm products, $844,849.

There were raised 733 bushels of barley, 1,046 bushels of buckwheat,

The County of Carroll.

86,455 bushels of Indian corn, 35,227 bushels of oats, 1,337 bushels of rye, 14,713 bushels of wheat, 310,937 pounds of maple sugar, 9,874 gallons of maple syrup, 40,869 tons of hay, 229,610 dozens of eg^*, 7,970 pounds of honey, 241,050 bushels potatoes, 6,974 fleeces of wool, weighing 32,100 pounds. an annual value of orchard products of $82,032, and 7,778 bushels of beans.

There were 3,402 horses on the farms, June 1, 1880, 4,035 working oxen, 6,082 milch cows, and 8,294 other cattle. 0,974 sheep (excluding spring Lambs), 3,476 swine, 32,100 pounds of wool clipped in the spring, 33,238 gallons of milk sold and sent to factories, 465,476 pounds of butter made, and L9,684 pounds of cheese.

Tin' assessed valuation of real estate was $4,374,291, of personal property, $1,439,936. There were 96 manufacturing concerns, with $2,056,245 capital; employing 780 operatives, who were paid $251,300 annually, and producing $1,707,626 in goods. The financial condition of the county at the end of the last fiscal year is thus given by the county commissioners: —

The County debt May 1, 1889, was : —

Bonds at G per cent. $9,100.00

„ 4 „ 10,000.00

Interest on Bonds, 557.86

Call Notes at 4 per cent. 16,029.97

Interest on Notes to May 1, 1889, 660.16

Bills and orders outstanding, 200.00

$(50,547.9;) The < iounty has assets : —

( Iounty Farm and Buildings, $20,000.00

Personal Property at the Farm, 5,626.43

Cash in hands of Treasurer, 5,804.98

Costs and Fines due County, 200.00

( ash due from the towns of Albany and Chatham, 202.69

The debt, less fines, cash in treasury, and cash due from Albany and Chatham, is $60,340.32, and the reduction of the debt for the year is $11,007.22.

In 1880 the county had a bonded debt of $198,370, and a floating debt of 8269,019, making a total indebtedness of $467,389.

Altit„<Irs. — Mt Washington, 0,29:5 ft; Mt Adams, 5,704 ft: Mt Jefferson, •"..71 1 ft; Mt Clay. 5,553 ft; Mt Monroe, 5,384 ft; Mt Little Monroe, 5,204 ft : Mt Madison, 5,365 It; Mt Franklin, 4,904 ft; Mt Pleasant, 4,764 ft: Mt Clin- ton, 4,320 ft: Mt Jackson, 4,100 ft; Mt Webster, 4,000 ft; Mt Crawford, 3,134 ft; Mt Willey, 4,300 ft; Mt Nancy, -,800 ft; Giant's Stairs, 3,500 ft; Boott Spur, 5,524 ft; Boott Deception, 2,44s ft; Mt Carter, north peak. 4,s:*,o ft ; Mt Carter, south peak, 4,702 ft; Mt Moriah, 4,653 ft : Mt Royce, 2,600 ft; Mt Wildcat, 4,350 ft: Mt Whit. 'face, 1,007 ft (the northern elevation 175 higher): Mt Passaconaway, 4,200 ft; Mt Osceola, 4,397 ft: Sandwich Dome (Black Mountain), 3,999 ft: Mt Resolution, 3,400 ft; Trimountain, 3,393 ft:

History of Carroll County.

Silver Spring Mountain (est.), 3,000 ft; Green's Cliff, 2,958 ft; Table Moun- tain. 3,305 ft; Mt Israel, 2,880 ft; Mt Chocorua, 3,540 ft; Mt Kearsarge ( Pequawket), 3,251 ft; Red Hill, south peak, 1,709 ft; Red Hill, north peak, 2,038 ft ; Ossipee Mountain, 2,361 ft ; Mt Shaw, 2,956 ft ; Green Hills, 2,390 ft; Copple Crown, 2,100 ft; Great Moose Mountain, 1,404 ft ; Tin Mountain, L,650 ft ; Mt Baldface, 3,600 ft; Double Head, 3,120 ft; Iron Mountain, 2,000 ft; Mote Mountain, 3,200 ft; Mote Mountain, south peak, 2,700 ft; Lake of the Clouds (Blue Pond), 5,009 ft; White Mountain Notch, 1,914 ft; Saco Pond (head of Saco River), 1,880 ft; Saco River (at Willey House), 1,300 ft ; Fabyan's, 1,571 ft; Base of Mt Washington, 2,668 ft; Ossipee Lake, 408 ft; Mountain Pond, 1,300 ft; Six-mile Pond, 456 ft; Chocorua Lake, 550 ft; Bear Camp Pond, 600 ft; Dan Hole Pond, 775 ft; Pine River Pond, 550 ft; Prov- ince Pond, 525 ft; East Pond (Lake Newicha wan nock), 499 ft ; Horn Pond, 479 ft; Lovell's Pond, 550 ft; Smith's Pond, 525 ft; Red Hill Pond, 590 ft; Long Pond, 505 ft; Squam Lake, 510 ft; Lake Winnipiseogee, 496-502 ft; Wakefield Summit, 690 ft ; Wolfeborough Junction, 574 ft ; West Ossipee, 428 ft; Conway, 466 ft; North Conway, 521 ft; Upper Bartlett, 660 ft; Jackson, 759 ft; Drakesville (Effingham), 381 ft; Freedom, 396 ft; South Tamworth, 630 ft ; Sandwich, 648 ft ; Tuftonborough, 889 ft ; Moultonborough Centre, 581 ft ; Water Village (Ossipee), 745 ft.

CHAPTER II.

GEOLOGY.

Pock Formations — Rock Systems — The Age of Ice — Glacial Drift — Lower Till — Upper Till — Champlain Period — Karnes — Recent or Terrace Period, etc. etc.

ROCK FORMATIONS. — These are the fundamental characters of the geological book, and, before we dilate on the later periods, due attention must be given to the backbone of the edifice. The rocks of Carroll county, beginning with the lowest, are the Acidic and Basic groups of the unstratified, and the Azoic, Eozoic, and Paleozoic groups of the stratified rocks. Of these, the oldest, or bed-rock, is a very coarse granite, or gneiss, conceded now to be of eruptive (volcanic) origin, that, with different arrangements of the same constituents, is given different names. Ledges of these rocks show large quadrangular patches of feldspar of a light color,

Geology. 5

varying from a fraction of an inch to three <>r more inches in length. Quartz ami feldspar, with white and black mica, and sometimes hornblende, are the constituent elements of those primitive or acidic rocks, sienite, granite, and porphyry. These iinstratified fundamental rocks are the oldest rocks in New

Hampshire, and form the vast volume of the White Mountains, and nowhere in New England can he found a Wetter opportunity to read in the earliest pages of the " Book of Nature " than is presented in the scarred rocks, wild gorges, and precipitous chasms of these eternally enduring and ever magnificent creal ions of a God nt Power. A brief mention of the rocks is sufficient for our purpose in this volume, but the aspiring student who would pursue their study in the interest of science or for personal gratification will find that Professor Hitchcock and his co-laborers have thoroughly and. exhaustively covered the ground in that excellent monument to their scientific attainments, " The Geology of New Hampshire."

Rock Systems. — Prof. C. H. Hitchcock gives as the rock systems of the White Mountain district: 1. Laurentian, represented by the porphyritic gneiss, and Bethlehem group. 2. Atlantic, consisting of the Lake or Berlin and Montalban or White Mountain gneisses, and Franconia breccia. 3. Lab- rador. 4. HuronioM. 5. Merrimack schists. 6. Andalusite schist group. 7. Eruptions of porphyry. 8. Eruptions of the Conway, Albany, and Chocorua granites and sienites. 9. Formation of the Mt Pequaivket (Kearsarge') or Mt Mute porphyritic breccia.

The Age of Ice. — It is perhaps desirable to devote some space in this volume to the Age of Ice, as in this period and those immediately following, when the colossal ice-sheet, which was so thick that the top of Mount Washington was deeply covered, was removed, and the surface, soil, and water- courses of the county were formed, the lakes established in their boundaries, and the conditions necessary to civilized occupancy were arranged and prepared.

The indications of a glacial period are probably as well shown in this section of New England as anywhere in the world. Underlying the modified drift are often found masses of earth and rocks mingled confusedly together, having neither stratification nor any appearance of having been deposited in water. These are the glacial drift, or till. This drift frequently covers the slopes, and even the summits, of the highest mountains, as well as the lesser elevations. It contains bowlders of all sizes, up to thirty feet in diameter, which have nearly all been carried southward from their native ledges, and can be traced, in some instances, for a hundred miles, southward or southeastward. Wherever till occurs, the ledges have mostly been worn to a rounded form, and, if the rock be hard, it is covered with long scratches, or striae, in the direction of the course taken by the bowlders. Geology now refers these to a moving ice-sheet which spread over this continent from the north, and, as before stated, was of

Histoby of Carroll County.

sufficient thickness to cover even Mount Washington. This ice-sheet was so much thicker at the north than in this latitude that its great weight pressed the ice steadily onward and outward to the south-southeast. The termination of this ice-sheet in the Atlantic, southeast of New England, was probably like the great ice-wall of the Antarctic continent, along which Sir J. C. Ross sailed 450 miles, finding only one point low enough to allow the smooth white plain of the upper surface to be seen from the mast-head. This extended, apparently boundless, and was of dazzling whiteness.

There was a long, continuous period of glacial action, with times of retreat and advance, but never a complete departure and return of a continental ice- sheet. The motion of this ice, being caused by its own weight, must have been slow indeed. Over the highlands between the St Lawrence river and Hudson bay the ice-sheet was three or four miles in thickness; over Greenland much thicker, and over the White Mountains it reached nearly or quite to the line of perpetual snow. The till, or coarse glacial drift, was made by the long- continued wearing and grinding of the ice-sheet. As this slowly advanced, fragments were torn from the ledges, held in the bottom of the ice, and worn by friction upon the surface over which it moved. This material, crushed beneath the ice into minute fragments or fine powder, is called the Lower Till. While the lower till was being made under the ice, large quantities of coarse and line matter were swept away from hill-slopes and mountain-sides, and carried forward in the ice. As this melted, much of this matter fell loosely on the surface, forming an unstratified deposit of gravel, earth, and bowlders. This deposit geologists call the Upper Till. Usually this is found above the lower till, the line of separation being at a distance of from two to twenty feet. The departure of the ice-sheet was attended by a rapid deposition of the abundant materials therein contained. The retreat of the ice-sheet was toward the northwest and north, and it is probable that its final melting took place mostly on the surface, so that, at the last, great amounts of its deposits were exposed to the washing of many streams. The finer particles were generally carried away, and the strong current of the glacial rivers transported coarse gravel and bowlders of considerable size.

When these streams entered the valley from which the ice had retreated, or their currents were slackened by less rapid descent, a deposition took place, where the channel was still walled by ice, in succession of coarse gravel, fine gravel, sand, and fine silt or clay. These deposits filled the valleys, and increased in depth in the same way that additions are now made to the bottom-lands or intervals of our large rivers by the floods of spring. They are called Modified Drift, and geology gives this name to the period from the depart uk; of the iee-sheet to the present. This modified drift occurs in almost every valley of New Hampshire, and comprises the intervals which are annually overflowed, and the successive terraces which rise in steps upon the sides of the

Geology. 7

valley, the highest often forming extensive plains. Dr Dana has given the name of Champlain Period to the time of the deposition of bhe modified drift daring the melting of the ice-sheet. During the Champlain period, the ice became molded upon the surface, by the process of destruction, into great basins or valleys : at the last, the passages through, which the melting waters passed off came gradually to coincide with the depressions of the presenl surface.

These lowest and warmest portions of the land were first herd from the ice; and, as the melted area slowly extended into the continental glacier, its vast Hoods found their outlet at the head of the existing valley. In these channels were deposited materials gathered by the streams from the melting glacier. By the low water of winter, layers of sand were formed, and by the strong currents of summer, layers of gravel, often very coarse. These layers are irregularly bedded, here sand, and there gravel, accumulating, and inter- Btratified without much order with each other.

These, the oldest of our deposits of modified drift, are long ridges, or intermixed short ridges and mounds, composed of very coarse water-worn gravel, or of alternate gravel and sand irregularly bedded. Wherever the ordinary fine alluvium occurs, it overlies or partly covers these deposits. The geological name for these is Karnes.

The extensive level plains and high terraces bordering the New Hampshire rivers were also deposited in the Champlain period, as the open vallej's became gradually filled with great depths of gravel, sand, and clay (alluvium), which were brought down by the glacier rivers from the melting ice-sheet, or washed from the till after the ice had retreated, and which were deposited in the same way as those made by high floods at the present day. During the recent or terrace period, the rivers have cut deep and wide channels in this alluvium, and the terraces mark heights at which, in their work of erosion, they have left portions of their successive flood-plains.

The lenticular accumulations of till which have been observed east of Lake Winnipiseogee lie most frequently on the northwest side of hills, which was struck by the full force of the ice-current.

The hill upon which Sandwich Lower Corner is built may serve as an example. The north side of this hill is a smooth lenticular slope of till, but ledge appears at its top and on its south side. Fernald's hill in Tuftonborough, a mile east of Melvin village, also has a very regular north and northwest slope of till.

A bed of stratified gravel and sand occurs in the lower till of this deposit. The highest point of this hill is ledge, which forms all its southeast side, being ID many places precipitous. A similar mass of lower till, with modified drift beneath or enclosed in it, lies on the northwest side of a hill two miles northeast of Wolfeborough village. Pray hill, north of Tine River pond in

8 History of Carroll County.

Wakefield, has a fine northwest slope of till, while its southeast slope is ledge. Fogg's Ridge, one mile south of Pocket hill in Ossipee, is the only true lenticular hill seen in Carroll county. This is a typical example, showing no ledges for 100 feet below its highest point. Its whole northwest and north slopes appear to be composed of till; on the south and southeast, ledges form the base of the hill, extending halfway to its top.

CHAPTER III.

GEOLOGY CONTINUED. MODIFIED DRIFT, ETC.

Saco River — Pine River — Ossipee Lake — Altitudes Around Winnipiseogee Lake — Departure of the Ice-sheet — Lake Basins — Terraces — Karaes — Clay — Dunes — Lake Dis- trict Elevations — Conway Bowlders — The Washington Bowlder — Ordination Rock — Madi- son Bowlder — White Mountain Granites.

TYTODIFIED DRIFT. — The southeastern part of the White Mountain district is drained by the Saco, which has its farthest sources in Saco r pond and Mt Washington river. The watershed at the Crawford

house, which divides this from the Lower Ammonoosuc river, is formed by a deposit of very coarse modified drift, which was swept down into this mountain-pass in the Champlain period. Its height is 1,000 feet above the sea ; and Saco pond, which fills a depression in this deposit, is 20 feet lower. The small stream which issues from this pond passes through the White Mountain Notch, falling 600 feet in the first three miles, and nearly as much more in the next nine miles. Along this distance it flows between' lofty mountains, whose sides are often precipitous walls of rock. A fine view of this part of its valley is afforded from the top of Mt Willard. Far above rise the rugged heights of Webster and Willey, almost vertical in their upper part, but below bending in graceful, regular curves, composed of materials which have fallen from each side, and form an apparently smoothed hollow for highway and river. The principal superficial deposits along this steep portion of the river are such rocky debris as has crumbled from the mountains, or the equally coarse unstratified till. In the bed of the stream these mate- rials have become water-worn, but only limited deposits of gravel and sand are found.

At the west line of Bartlett the Saco is 745 feet above the sea. In the

GKOLOGY CoNTINI'KI". AIoDIKIKD DlIll'T, Etc. 9

next eight miles, to the mouth of Ellis river, i1 descends aboul 30 feet to the mile, flowing over modified drift. This consists of gravel and Band, and above Rocky Branch these occupy an area one fourth to one half a mile wide, which lies mostly on the south side of the river, forming a nearly continuous interval 10 to 15 feet in height, which slopes with the stream, and irregular terraces which reach 25 feet higher.

From den Station in Bartlett to Conway Corner, the alluvial area averages fully a mile in width, lying in nearly equal amount on each side of the river. The greater portion of this is interval from 10 to 20 feet in height, which is often seen to be composed of coarse gravel overlaid by fine silt, as on Andros- coggin river. The flood-plain of the Champlain period is shown in the higher terraces of sand or tine gravel, 40 to 60 feet above the river, which are nearly continuous on both sides. North Conway is built on a wide portion of the east terrace. The form of these terraces, with their surfaces level, but usually narrow and bounded by steep escarpments, and their correspondence in height on opposite sides of the valley, make it easy to understand that a wide plain once reached across the intervening area.

Along Seavey's falls, the Saco is bordered on both sides by slopes of till and ledge. The modified drift of the highest terrace, however, is continuous between Pine and Rattlesnake hills, and thence extends two miles to the east on the north side of the river; on the south it reaches from Conway Centre to the northeast side of Walker's pond, and thence is nearly continuous, though narrow, eastward to Maine line. East from the outlet of Walker's pond, the interval between this terrace and the river on the south is not wide, but on the north it extends from one half to one mile from the river, rising with a gentle slope to a height about 25 feet above it. On this side the most elevated part of the alluvial area, as at Conway street, is only a few feet above the reach of high water. The ancient flood-plain, from 40 to 50 feet above the present river (as shown by its terrace on the south), may have extended over this whole area. It would then appear that the river here began its excavation on the north side, and has been gradually cutting its channel deeper as it has slowly moved across this area southward. Remnants of the former high flood-plain are thus found at a nearly constant height above the river for fourteen miles, sloping in this distance more than 100 feet. The height of Saco river at the state line is about 400 feet above the sea.

From the modified drift of Pine river, Ossipee lake, and Saco river, we learn the history of this part of New Hampshire in the Champlain period. After the ice-sheet had retreated from the coast, it seems for a long time to have still covered the Ossipee lake basin and the valley of Pine river and Balch ponds. The kames of this valley were deposited during this time in the channel of a glacial river, which carried forward its liner gravel and sand to form the plains that extend southeast from Balch pond. The coarse

10 Histoey or Carroll County.

material and irregular surface of nearly all the modified drift along the upper part of Pine river indicate that masses of ice still remained at the time of its deposition.

After this the ice-sheet disappeared from the broad, low basin of Ossipee lake, and again, for a long time, had its terminal front at the border of the low area from which it had retreated. Its moraines fill the west and higher side of the narrow valley between Madison and Conway. These gradually change, as we come to the centre of the valley, to ordinary water-kames. This appears to have been the first outle't from the melting of the ice-sheet over the Saco valley and the southeast side of the White Mountains ; and the material brought down was spread out to form the extensive sand-and-gravel plains about Ossipee and Silver lakes. The comparatively small amount of levelly stratified drift associated with the kames in Madison and Conway makes it probable that the present outlet by Saco river was opened before the ice here had wholly disappeared.

The lowest points of the watershed around Winnipiseogee lake are: — Summit on railroad between Meredith village and Pemigewasset valley at Ashland, 166 feet (ten feet below the natural surface) ; at two and a half miles north from Meredith village, about 140 ; at same distance north from Centre Harbor, about 100, these points being the lowest between this and Squam lake ; the Varney pass, between Moultonborough and the Bear Camp valley, about 150 ; summit on railroad between Wolfeborough and Salmon Falls valley, 164 ; between Smith's pond and Cook's pond, about 200 ; summit on railroad between Alton bay and Cocheco valley, 72 ; and near Lily pond in Gilford, between the lake and Long bay, about 75 feet. The two last of these places show by their modified drift that they were formerly outlets of the lake.

These lake basins lie upon the south side of the White Mountains, from which source we might expect a greater depth of ice to move southward and cover this area near the close of the glacial period than would at that time remain in other parts of the state to the east and west. The ice-sheet proba- bly lay over Squam and Winnipiseogee lakes in a broad, mountain-like ridge till after it was almost wholly melted away over the lowlands of York county, Maine, in the basin of Ossipee lake, and for some distance along the Bear ( lamp valley. The departure of the ice-sheet along the Merrimack and Pemigewasset valley appears also to have proceeded more rapidly than upon the higher land on its east side, so that over Winnipiseogee and Squam lakes the drainage from the melting ice was outward both to the east and west.

The noticeable feature in the surface geology of these lakes is the absence of modified drift. Their shores are chiefly of coarse glacial drift or till with occasional ledges. The basin of Ossipee lake, on the contrary, is characterized by very extensive, and probably thick, deposits of modified drift, presenting a remarkable contrast. These deposits are also abundant in the Pemigewasset

Geology Continued. Modified Drift, Kto. 11

valley on the west. Their conspicuous absence from these intervening basins needs to be accounted for, and this seems to he due to differenl rates of progress in the departure of the ice. The later continuance of the ice-sheel over these lakes turned all the drainage from the south side of the White Mountains into the Ossipee basin and Pemigewasset valley, and even caused the modified drift which was contained in this part of the ice to be mostly carried away.

At the head of Moultonborough hay we find swampy land along its east shore for a mile, and, farther east, an extensive deposit of sand, undulat- ing and partly covered with pines, reaching a mile from the lake, with its highest portions 40 feet above it.

The next modified drift is four miles to the southeast of Melvin village. Melvin river here brought down in the Champlain period a small plain of gravel and sand, which, since that time, has been partly excavated by the stream and partly undermined and carried away by the lake, so that it forms a terrace '20 feet high. Another tributary to the lake, a mile farther southeast, is bordered by terraces of similar height near its mouth.

( )n the northeast side of Twenty-mile bay, two miles south from Melvin village, a bold shore of coarse till, with many large bowlders, is bordered by an old beach, about oOO feet long and 100 wide, which slopes from the water's edge to ten or twelve feet above high water. It is composed of fine stratified sand, which is clayey below a foot or two of the surface.

Karnes. — The oldest of our deposits of modified drift are long ridges, or intermixed short ridges and mounds, composed of very coarse water-worn gravel, or of alternate layers of gravel and sand irregularly bedded, a section of which shows an arched or anticlinal stratification. Wherever the ordinary tine alluvium also occurs, it overlies, or in part covers, these deposits. An interesting series of kames extends from Saco river to Silver lake, and from Ossipee lake southeasterly along Pine river, and by Pine river and Balch ponds into Maine. About three miles south of Melvin village there is a kame extending two thirds of a mile from northwest to southeast along the top of a hill about 100 feet above the lake. It does not form a definite ridge, and could hardly he distinguished from the till by its contour. Its materials are coarse and fine gravel ami sand interstratilied. Bowlders are enclosed in many portions, hut a well 30 feet deep encountered no bowlders, being all the way through sand or fine gravel. Nineteen-mile hay and brook are a half-mile farther south. Here the road passes over the alluvium brought down by this brook, which, like that at the head of Twenty-mile bay, is only three or four feet above the lake. Nineteen-mile brook is bordered by considerable widths of low alluvium for two miles above its mouth to where it is crossed by the mail, a mile and a half south, for Centre Tuftonborough.

From the brook to this village, and for a half-mile farther north, kanie-like

12 History of Carroll County.

deposits of limited amount are seen here and there, at heights of 100 to 200 feet above the lake. East from this road, interesting kames extend more than a mile along the northeast side of Nineteen-mile brook. These cover a width of a fourth of a mile, consisting of successive small plains from half an acre to two or three acres in extent, usually surrounded by hollows, and rising one after another from 30 or 50 to 100 feet above the stream, or fully 150 feet above the lake. These small level-topped deposits consist of sand and water- worn gravel, with the largest pebbles about one foot in diameter. Bowlders are occasionally but not frequently enclosed. These kames begin about two miles southeast from that described between Twenty-mile and Nineteen-mile bays. These, and the similar deposits which occasionally appear about Centre Tuftonborough, probably had a common date and cause. Advancing to the southeast we leave the modified drift, but cross a watershed which is probably lower than the highest of these kames, and thence follow Hersey brook to Lake Wentworth. A sandy plain, about 50 feet above the pond, or 75 feet above the lake, is found on the west side of this brook near its mouth, covering about half a mile square. The shores of this pond, like those of the lake, are almost entirely till or ledge.

Upper Beech pond, covering perhaps 150 acres, and about 300 feet above Winnipiseogee, is situated a mile and a half northeast from the kames last described. Its outlet is to Ossipee lake by Beech river, but only a very slight barrier at its southwest side prevents its flowing to Winnipiseogee lake by Nineteen-mile brook. This barrier consists of a kame, which in its northwest portion is a nearly level plain three or four acres in extent, but for several hundred feet southeast from this it is narrowed to a mere ridge. The gravel of the small plain is but slightly water-worn, the rock fragments being from a foot to a foot and a half in size. The ridge consists of sand or fine gravel, in which fragments larger than six inches are uncommon.

This whole deposit is bounded by steep slopes, both against the pond and on the opposite side. The height of the plain is 20 to 30 feet above the pond, while its southwest slope falls abruptly to 20 or 30 feet below it. Large springs, fed from the pond, issue at the bottom of this bank. Except at this point and its outlet, this pond is surrounded by high hills; no other kame-like deposits occur on its shores or in the steeply sloping valley that descends towards the southwest from this barrier.

The shores of the lake through Wolfeborough have no modified drift worthy of note.

On the east side of Squam lake, in Moultonborough, are frequent deposits of clay. This was used for brick-making sixty years ago. The side of Red hill, which rises near at hand on the east, is said to have in many places (to a height 300 feet above the lake) a stratum of clay underlying one to three feet of coarse till. On the north side of this lake the clay in the southwest

Geology Continued. Modified Deipt, Etc. L3

corner of Sandwich, which was extensively worked for brick-making sixty years ago, appears to belong in the same class.

At Wolfeborough, the hillside of till southeast from the "Bridge" has an

underlying- stratum of clay. Wells at the Glcndon house, aboul twenty-five feet above the lake, show some six feel of till, then an equal depth of clay with till beneath. Near the Pavilion, about fifty feet above the lake, a well showed eight feet of eoarse till, then two feet of ferruginous earth, then twelve feet of clay free from stones, and underlaid by the compact, stony, lower till. About thirty rods southeast from the last, a well passed through eight feet of till, and then through four feet of clay underlaid by till. About the same distance farther southeast a well found this layer of clay only one foot thick. occurring ten feet below the surface. The last two places are only a few feel higher than that near the Pavilion. Nearly all that part of the village which lies southeast from the "Bridge " is built on a thick mass of till, which encloses a continuous stratum of clay. Northeast from the Pavilion a slope descends in about twenty-five rods to a small pond, which is tributary to the lake and of the same height. This slope has a surface of till with numerous bowlders; but excavations for brick-making show that the clay beneath has a thickness of fully twenty feet, with its bottom resting on till only a few feet above the lake. The till on the surface is from one to eight feet deep. This clay is free from pebbles, and is finely laminated in its lower portion, while its upper part sometimes crumbles into small angular pieces. No deposits of clay appear to occur in the thinner till which covers the hillside northwest from the " Bridge."

At the northwest ends of Rattlesnake and Davis islands, deposits of clay are found similar to that of Clay point, and, in former times, it was excavated at both these places for brick-making.

The series of kames in Tuftonborough and Wolfeborough was probably formed at nearly the same time by a glacial river from the northwest, after the ice had disappeared from the south end of the lake, and from the basin of Lake Wentworth.

hums. — Wind-blown banks of sand, or dunes, apparently isolated on the hillsides, are occasionally found along the east side of Connecticut and Merrimack valleys and southeast of Ossipee lake, at heights varying from the Level of the highest terrace or plain to 200 feet above it. These patches of sand are very conspicuous because they are often destitute of vegetation. being blown in drifts by the wind. They vary in size, the longest sometimes covering an acre or more, with their thickest portions from 10 to 15 feet in depth. These dunes appear to have been swept up from the broad plains of the Champlain period, before forests had fully covered the land, by the strong northwest winds, which we may suppose prevailed then the same as now. Since the clearing awa\ of the forest, the upper portion of these trains of sand has

14 History of Carroll County.

sometimes been carried several hundred feet onward, and from thirty to fifty feel higher. The excavation of the old drifts has been six or seven feet in depth, as shown by great stumps, beneath which the sand has been swept away. These dunes are ridged, channeled, and heaped up by the wind in the same manner as the more extensive dunes of a seacoast.

Lake District Elevations. — The Ossipee mountains have an area in oval form of from six by ten miles, and are situated in the adjoining- corners of Ossipee, Tamworth, Moultonborough, and Tuftonborough. The Bear Camp river flows along the northern side. Two streams flowing east have cut very large valleys out of the eastern side, the largest, LovelFs (Lovewell's) river ; the smaller, a tributary of Pine river heading in Dan Hole pond. The highest Ossipee mountain has an altitude of about 2,000 feet. Red hill was named in 1 7 *, * 7 Mt Wentworth by Dr Dwight, in honor of Gov. John Wentworth. Its length is three miles, with a breadth of one half that distance. It lies in Moultonborough and Sandwich. Green mountain (Effingham) is about four miles long and shaped much like Red hill. The sandy plains of Ossipee, Freedom, and Madison have an elevation of from four hundred to five hundred and fifty feet. Between Ossipee and Passaconaway mountains in Tamworth and Sandwich, the average elevation is from five hundred and fifty to six hundred and fifty feet. The highest points in Tamworth are Chatman's, Great, and McDaniel's hills. The soil here is much better than in the sandy plains eastward, and the extensive meadows along the Bear Camp river are profitable to their owners, as well as gratifying to the eyes of the artistic visitors. Bear Camp river has its source in several streams flowing from the south side of the Sandwich and Albany mountains. It passes through Tamworth in an easterly direction, and receives a considerable stream coming from Albany, in Ossipee, and falls into Ossipee lake on its western border.

Conway Bowlders. — Prof. E. J. Houston described a large bowlder in North Conway in much detail in the Journal of the Franklin Institute, in 1871. He calls it the Pequawket bowlder. " It is of coarse granite, with a preponderance of feldspar, considerable quartz, and very little mica. The general form is that of a paralleloped, one of whose longer sides is partly buried. The length is 52 feet 6 inches; greatest breadth, 21 feet; greatest height, 33 feet 2 inches ; and it is estimated to weigh 2,300 tons. Several Large fragments surround the mass, seemingly once connected with it. One is 31 feet 7 inches long, 15 feet 3 inches broad, and 11 feet 7 inches high. Several spruces and beeches conceal the bowlder from the road. A few hundred feet below the Pequawket is another mass 31 by 18 by 21 feet."

The Washington Bowlder is about a mile northeast from Conway Centre, near Pine hill. Its dimensions maybe expressed by about 30 feet wide, 40 long, and 25 high. It is one of the notable objeets of Conway, and is composed of the granite for which the town is famous.

(iKoLCMiY CoNTlNUKJ). MODIFIED DRIFT, ETC. 15

Bartlett Bowlder. — This is not so noted for size, as position. It has the typical shape of glaciated stones, is 15 feel long, L2 feel wide, 10 feet high, and rests upon four smaller blocks. The entire assemblage rests on stratified

sand; hence it was moved to its present position at the time of the inciting of the ice.

Ordination Rock. — This is in Tamworth, west of the centre village, and has a Hat top reached by artificial steps, and is surmounted by a monument. It is :'>() feet long, 20 feet wide, 15 high, and composed of Conway granite. It came from the north or northeast. This rock takes its name from the fact that on September 12, 17i»2, Rev. Samuel Hidden was, on its top, ordained pastor of the First Church of Tamworth. [See Tamworth history elsewhere in this volume.]

Madison Bowlder. — The largest of these glacial "travelers" on this continent is perhaps the one situated in the northwest [tart of Madison, not far from the White Ledge quarries. Its length is 75 feet, height from the surface of the ground 38 feet, and it has six sides, respectively 32, 22, 75, 31, 14, and 40§ feet, making a circumference of 214| feet. The existence of this rock is known to comparatively few; it is rarely visited, and was first examined and measured by B. F. Clark and C. W. Wilder about 1887. It is granite of a porphyritic texture, and closely resembles the rock forming the summit of Mt Willard. The lower ends are scow-shaped, and the mass rests apon a bed of pieces of rock of the same material. A few bowlders are near by, one or two of them being as large or larger than Ordination Rock. One end and one side have evidently been polished in its journey hither.

White Mountain Granites. — These are the Conway, Albany, Chocorua, and sienite groups. Certain portions of these mountains can be quarried and made a marketable commodity. Other parts are unsuitable for building purposes, because they easily disintegrate. This disintegration is caused by the presence of innumerable pores in the feldspar which admit water charged with carbonic acid. The Conway granite mountains are not of this character. The other varieties also afford grades of building-stone which has only to be utilized to be appreciated. The liner grained varieties of Conway marble near the Portland and Ogdensburgh railroad are very durable.

16 History of Carroll County.

CHAPTER IV.

MINERALS.

Copper — Arsenic — Galenite and Silver — Bornite — Sphalerite — Fyrite — Chalcopyrite — Arsenopyrite — Fluorite — Hematite — Magnetite — Tin — Limonite — (Quartz — Beryl — Epidote — Mica — Feldspar — Tourmaline — Chiastolite — Fibrolite — Apatite — Scorodite — < alcite — Novaculite — Gold.

COPPER. — On Eastman's hill, Jackson, native copper was found while Masting for tin ore, and in connection with other copper ores. Arsenic. — Native arsenic is a rare mineral in the United States, and almost its only localities are in New Hampshire. It has been seen at the tin mine in Jackson. It occurs in thin layers in a dark-blue mica schist, associated with iron and arsenical pyrites.

Galenite. — Galena is common in New Hampshire. It occurs in small beds and veins, and though it has never been found in such large quantities as to make it a profitable lead ore, yet the uniform presence in it of varying amounts of silver has always made it a mineral of great interest, and numerous attempts have been made to mine it. It is well to bear in mind that no marked success has ever yet attended these operations. The galenas that are found in these highly crystalline regions are often quite rich in silver ; and, as rich ores have been found in this state, the zeal in searching for them has always been active, but the amount of ore is always small and its extraction difficult. In Madison, where the surface indications were promising and extensive operations begun, the money expended was lost, and the workings long abandoned, but lately the mine has been again opened with flattering prospects. Galena may be found in Madison, near White pond in Tamworth, and in small quantities scattered through the rocks in general. The galena from Madison was assayed and 94 ounces to the ton obtained with a large per cent, of silver. Though it is widely distributed, it ma}r be quite safely affirmed that New England will never add any very great amount to the world's production of silver.

Bornite. — Sulphide of copper occurs sparingly, associated with other copper ores, in Jackson.

Sphalerite. — At Madison there is a large vein of zinc blende.

Pyrite. — Iron pyrites is very common, both in masses and as a constituent of the rocks. It forms a large proportion of the material of some metallic veins. At Red hill, in Moultonborough, it is to be obtained in abundance.

Minerals. 17

Chalcopyrite is widely distributed over the state in varying amounts, but never in such quantity as to make workable deposits, although openings have

been made with the hope of profit. It is found in Madison and Jackson.

Arsenopyrite. — Large masses of the non-crystalline variety are found at Jackson.

Fluorite is found at the Notch in beautiful sea-green octahedrons, of the size of hickory nuts and of perfect form. It occurs in the quartz veins. These green octahedrons are found on Mts Crawford and Webster, at Bemis brook, and, indeed, all along the White Mountain Notch. It is also found at .Jackson in crystals of green, white, and purple. Fluor spar also occurs as a microscopic ingredient of the granites and sienites on Chocorua mountain.

Hematite. — A part of the iron ore in the beds at Bartlett and Jackson is hematite.

Magnetite. — Large amounts of magnetic iron are associated with the hematite at Bartlett. It is also found on Thorn mountain, in Jackson.

Tin was first discovered in the United States in 1841, at Jackson. Large excavations have been made with the idea of extracting the ore, but no quantities sufficient to yield metal of consequence were found. The tin at Jackson is dark-colored and opaque, except in the thinnest fragments. The veins arc from half an inch to several inches wide, but they are mostly filled with arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, and other minerals. The veins are in mica schist.

Limonite. — Bog iron ore has been found in the bottom of Six-mile pond, in Madison, also in Moultonborough.

Quartz. — Common transparent, glassy quartz forms a large proportion of our rocks, and is, moreover, found in the most grand and beautiful crystalliza- tions. Fine, large, clear crystals arc found at Bartlett and the White Mountain Notch. Smoky quartz is found at Bartlett and the Notch. Quartz of a delicate rose color, called rose quartz, occurs in mica schist rocks in the White Mountains, and is quite abundant on Mt Washington; much of it is annually carried away by tourists. Amethyst, or purple quartz, is found at Mt Cr;i\\ ford.

Beryl. — The largest beryls of the world are in New Hampshire. Professor Hitchcock obtained one for the state museum weighing half a ton. Smaller but much more perfect crystals are found in the islands of Lake Winnipiseogee, Chatham (in the stream near the path to Baldface), and at many places in the White .Mountains.

Epidote fills a vein in Jackson, from which immense crystals have been taken, some of which were eight inches in diameter and of a tine green color. Smaller but better crystals, and also twins, are more common.

Mica in New Hampshire is an important mineral from an economic stand- point, and a most common and interesting rock constituent. The color of

18 History of Carroll County.

granites, as well as many schists, is largely due to the kind of mica they contain. Granites that contain the white micas are light colored, while the black micas make the granite dark colored in proportion to the quantity of mica contained.

Feldspar. — In a county like Carroll, which is covered by crystalline rocks, feldspar is, next to quartz, the predominant mineral.

Tourmaline. — Localities of note for black tourmaline are Moultonborough and White Mountain Notch (very large). All through the White Mountains little tourmalines are seen here and there scattered through the schists. Sometimes they are very abundant and of considerable size, and sometimes small and sparsely disseminated.

Chiastolite. — The variety of andalusite called chiastolite is abundant in the state. It abounds on some parts of Mt Washington, in Albany, and other places in Carroll county.

Fibrolite exists in some of the schists of the White Mountains in such amounts as to give a character to the rock.

Apatite is found in Jackson. The augite sienite of Jackson is filled with very perfect crystals which are large enough for optical examination. The gabbros at Mt Washington contain apatite in fine crystals of some size.

Scorodite, the hydrous arsenate of iron, is said to have been found at the tin mines in Jackson.

Calcite. — Crystals of calcite are found at the Notch.

Novaculite, or oil-stone, so highly prized for sharpening tools, exists in Tamworth of a black color.

Gold has been mined for to some extent, although geologists consider it not present in any quantity. The " Diamond Ledge Gold " mine was opened near Sandwich Centre in 1877, and a yield of $49 a ton was claimed. A company is now developing a property in Sandwich. Certain quartz veins in Ossipee and Wakefield have been supposed to contain gold.

Floba. 10

CHAPTER V.

FLORA.

Alleghanian, Canadian, Arctic or Alpine Divisions — White-Pine — Pitcb and Red-Pine —

Hemlock — Oaks — Chestnut — Butternut — Elm — Maples — Birches — Beech — Black and White Ash — Black, Choke, and Fire Cherries — Black-Spruce — White-Spruce — Balsam-Fir — American Larch — Poplar — Small Trees and Shrubs — Alpine Plants.

CARROLL COUNTY is on the transition line between the southern or Alleghanian division of New England flora and the northern or Canadian division. If we were to attempt to draw an abrupt line of division, it w.mld run from the Maine line in Conway to Lake Winnipiseogee, marking an elevation of from live to six hundred feet above the sea; but an arbitrary line cannot be drawn. The two divisions interweave, advance and retire, and intermingle with each other for some distance. In the northern section are the black and white spruce, arbor-vita', balsam-fir, sugar-maple, and beech. In the southern division are the chestnut, white-oak, etc.; while the range of the various [lines and walnuts, red-oak and hemlock, and the white or river maple is principally confined to this division. The White Mountains introduce another division of flora into this county — the Arctic or Alpine, which is not that of trees, but only of dwarfed and abnormal growths and mossy and lichen- oid plants. We will enumerate a few of the principal plants of each division, and refer the reader for further information to the proper botanical works.

White-Pine. — During the Indian occupation the territory now Carroll county was covered with heavy forests. The king of all the towering growths was the massive white-pine. At the commencement of European possession of this state all the river valleys were filled with a stately growth, reaching in some cases to a height of two hundred and fifty feet, and a diameter of from four to six; feet. This was an undeveloped mine of untold wealth. After 17-11 there was a special reservation in all of the royal grants of "all white-pines tit for masting the royal navy," and wherever the wilderness was traversed by the surveyors of the royal forest, the "broad arrow" was stamped upon the most splendid specimens. To cut these stamped trees for any other purpose than masts in the royal navy was, under British law, a felony, and punishable by a tine of £100 sterling for each ••mast-tree" cut down. This arbitrary reservation caused great indignation in the thickly settled portions of the colony, and was, doubtless, one of the causes leading to the independence of the colony. Only here and there are scattered isolated white-pines of the original growth : the lumberman's axe has cut the rest away.

20 History of Carroll County.

Pitch and Red Pine. — The pitch-pine grew in numbers on the sandy plains and drift-knolls from Lake Winnipiseogee to North Conway, and yet is found in plenteous numbers of smaller trees. The handsome red-pine was scattered in groups, according to its companionable way, over the same territory, and went to a higher altitude, going up the Saeo valley to the head of the Notch. This is a very ornamental tree, of rapid growth, and worthy of special attention for its beauty.

Hemlock. — The hemlock is as much at home in this county as in any part of the state, and was in great abundance in early days. It has not been so closely cut off as the white-pine, and will be a valuable product for years. It does not often ascend high on the mountain-sides, and may be said to be found at and below the foot of the mountains. It is frequently of immense size. A tree cut in Moultonborough was (J0 feet long, with 290 rings of growth.

Oaks. — The white-oak extended, and is now found, in the southern part of the county as far north as Ossipee lake. Its limit in altitude is about live hundred feet above the sea. The scrub, pin, or barren oak lives in sterner air, and is found as high as the sandy plains of Madison and Conway. The charming chestnut-oak finds one of its few abiding-places in New Hampshire in Ossipee, where it flourishes abundantly. The yellow-oak is usually a companion of the white-oak, and is found in the lower towns of Carroll. The red-oak is the hardiest of the oaks, and grows as high up as the lower part of the Notch, or to about one thousand feet above tide-water.

Chestnut. — The chestnut, like the white-oak, is found in the lower part of the county. In a few localities near Lake Winnipiseogee, where the water modifies the temperature, it grows at a greater height than its real limit of altitude — four hundred feet above the sea.

Butternut. — This grows along the borders of the streams to the base of the mountains.

Hickory. — The shell-bark variety clings around the vicinity of Lake Winnipiseogee and the lower lands of the county.

Elm. — The American elm, singly or in groups of very small numbers, adds a picturesque charm to the river landscapes all through the county, and follows them closely to the mountains.

Maples. — The sugar or rock maple is a valuable economic factor in the wealth of the section where it is found, producing valuable timber and the cele- brated maple sugar and sirup. It grows in good soil, and, easily transplanted, makes one of the finest shade-trees. The red-maple gives the brilliant scarlet hue to the autumnal foliage, and its plenty and habitat will then be shown to be universal in the county below mountain altitudes.

Birches. — The black, yellow, and canoe birches occupy the same range for the most part as the red-oak, yet the canoe or paper birch attains the highest elevation, its white bark showing in striking contrast with the deep-green foliage of the spruces and firs upon the mountain-sides.

Flora. 21

Beech. — This is one of the common trees of the county belo\* the fool of the mountains, not so numerous in the Notch as lower down, however, h is not a stately tree; almost always it is low, with " long diverging arms, stretch- ing outward at a large angle."

Bhiili <nnt White Ash. — -These trees occur in the lower altitudes of the county, and approach the mountains, hut do not ascend them.

Bl<ic/,\ Choke, and Fire Cherries. — These are found in the intervales as natives, and the latter varieties spring up thickly as second growth in some places where the land has been cleared.

Black-Spruce. — This magnificent tree rises to the height of the lower forest, hut adds to the general effect as much by its sombre masses of color as by its outline ; the elegance peculiar to it in isolated positions is usually not attained in any great perfection in the thick woods. It makes huge forests itself, redolent of healing perfume, carpeted inimitably with thick mats of fresh moss. Here the spruce has sometimes attained enormous size. Josselyn, in 1672, tells of spruce-trees "three fathom," eighteen feet, round about. Its blackish-green foliage appears along the mountain-sides, and, with the fir, it is the last of the aborescent vegetation to yield to the increased cold and tierce winds of the higher summits. Since the comparatively recent discovery of its excellence in lumber, extensive lumbering operations have been carried on, and the original growth is fast passing away. Unlike the white-pine, however, a new growth springs up, and, with proper attention and care, the supply may be kept up for a long period.

White-Spruce. — This differs from the preceding in being of less size, having a lighter color and a more graceful habit.

Balsam-Fir. — This is a lovely tree, of rare elegance of form, and has the most beautiful foliage of any of the evergreens, and also the smoothest trunk. The fir, intermingled with the black-spruce in about equal numbers, gives to the White Mountain scenery one of its most peculiar features.

American Larch. — This tree, known also as the tamarack, or hackmatack, is chiefly found in swamps of small extent, and is a very graceful tree. It is deciduous, but bears many of the characteristics of the evergreens.

Poplar. — Two varieties occur in Carroll county. One, a small tree, common in light soil, springs up in great abundance where woodland is cleared away. This is the American aspen, and closely resembles the aspen of Europe, so cele- brated by the poets. It ascends, in burnt lands, several thousand feet up the mountain-sides. The other is a larger tree, often attaining considerable size. In spring the young leaves are covered with white down, by which the tree can be distinguished a long way off. The dark color of its bark gives it the name "black-poplar." Its wood is in great demand for the manufacture of wood- pulp.

Small Trees and Shrubs. — Among these we mention the mountain-ash.

22 Histoky of Carroll County.

mountain-laurel, red-cedar or savin, juniper, witch-hazel, striped-maple or moosewood, mountain-maple, cranberry (high bush) or pembina, several alders and willows, blackberry, raspberry, elder, blueberry, mountain holly. The shrubs grow smaller and smaller as the mountains are ascended. The mountain- aster and golden-rod, the white orchis, white hellebore, wood-sorrel, and Solomon's seal ascend into the "black growth," while the clintonia, bunch- berry, bluets, creeping snowberry, and purple trilliums keep them company and cease to grow at about the same altitude. The red-cedar is found in Hart's Location and other places.

Alpine Plants. — -An Alpine or Arctic vegetation is found on the treeless region of the upper heights of Mt Washington and adjacent peaks, where alone are found the conditions favorable to their growth. They are of great hardihood, and sometimes bloom amid ice and snow. The region they occupy is a wind-swept tract above the limit of the growth of trees, and is about eight miles long by two miles wide. Here dwell about fifty strictly Alpine species, found nowhere else in the state. About fifty other species are "sub-Alpines," and are found elsewhere in New Hampshire, and along the base of the White Mountains. These occupy the ravines and lower portion of the treeless region, but not the upper summits. The firs and spruces become more and more dwarfish as they ascend the mountain, at last rising but a few feet, while their branches spread out horizontally for a long distance, and become thickly inter- woven. They present an almost even upper surface, strong enough for a man to walk upon. These dwarf trees at last disappear, giving place to the dwarf birch, Alpine willows, Labrador tea, and Lapland rhododendron, which spread out over the nearest rocks after rising a few inches above the ground, thus gaining the warmth which enables them to live in spite of cold and storm. On the mountain-tops these disappear and are succeeded by the Greenland sand- wort, cassiope, diapensia, azalia, Alpine bearberry and heath, mingling with Antic rushes, sedges, and lichens. On some of the warmer spots of the higher elevations grow the Alpine violet, the eyebright, mountain cudweed and sorrel, and the beautiful grasses which are found on the summits of the Alps in Switzerland.

The various trees brought in by Europeans have adapted themselves well to their surroundings ; the locust especially seems to thrive. It is not necessary for the purpose of this work to enumerate these.

Indian History. 23

CHAPTER VI.

INMAN HISTORY.

Aboriginal Indians — [roquois — Mohawks — Algonquins — New England Tribes — Wig- wams — Social Life, Government, and Language — Food — Religion — Taratines — War Famine, and Plague — Nipmucks — Passaconaway — Wbnalancct— Kancamagus — Lovewell's

Enterprises, Battle, etc. — Death ol Paugus — Abenaquis — St Francis Village — Bounties for Scalps and Prisoners.

WHEN the Europeans first landed on the Continent of America, the Indians who inhabited the Atlantic slope and dwelt in the valleys of the Connecticut and St Lawrence, in the basin of the Great Lakes, and the fertile valleys of the Alleghany region, were composed of two greal nations and their sub-divisions. These were soon known to the whites under the French appellation of Iroquois and Algonquins (Ale-zhone-ke-we-ne, people of one language). These nations differed in language and lineage, in manners and customs, in the construction of their dwellings and boats, and were heredi- tary enemies.

The Iroquois proper, who gave their name to one division, the ablest and most powerful of this family, were the Five Nations, called by themselves the Ho-de-no-sau-nee, "the people of the long house." They compared their union of five tribes, stretched along a narrow valley for more than two hundred miles in Central New York, to one of their long wigwams containing many families. Among all the aborigines of America there were none so politic and intelligent, none so warlike and fierce, none with such a contrasting array of virtues and vices as the true Iroquois. All surrounding tribes, whether of their own fam- ily or of the Algonquins, stood in awe of them. They followed the warpath, and their warcry was heard on the banks of the Mississippi, on the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, where the Atlantic breakers dash in Massachusetts Bay, and the high tides rise and fall in the Bay of Fundy. "Some of the small tribes were nearly exterminated by their ferocity and barbarity. They were more cruel to the Eastern Indians than those Indians were to the Europeans." The New England tribes, with scarce an exception, paid them tribute : and the Moiitagnais, far north on the Saguenay, called by the French "the paupers of the wilderness," would start from their midnight slumbers at dreams of the Iroquois, and run, terror-stricken, into the forest. They were the conquerors of the New World, and justly carried the title of "The Romans of the West." The Jesuit father, Ragueneau, wrote, in l(i50, in his " Revelations des I In ions,"'

24 History of Carroll County.

" My pen has no ink black enough to paint the fury of the Iroquois." The tribe which guarded the eastern door of the typical long house was the most active and most bloodthirsty one of this fierce family, the dreaded Mohawks, to whom the Connecticut River Indians gave the appellation of Ma-qua-ogs, or Maquas — " man-eaters." The Mohawk country proper was west of the Hud- son river, but by right of conquest they claimed all the country between the Hudson and the sources of the north and easterly branches of the Connecticut, and by virtue of this claim all the Indians of the Connecticut valley paid them annual tribute.

The few tribes of the Iroquois were surrounded on all sides by the much more numerous Algonquins, to which family all the New England tribes belonged. Along the valley of the St Lawrence dwelt the Algonquins proper, the Abinaquis, the Montagnais, and other roving tribes. These tribes were often forced, during the long Canadian winters when game grew scarce, to subsist on buds and bark, and sometimes even on the wood of forest trees, for many weeks together. From this they were called in mockery by their bitter enemies, the Mohawks, " Ad-i-ron-daks," tree-eaters. The late B. D. Eastman, who fairly reveled in aboriginal languages, gives this concerning the Abinaquis, in his sketch of North Conway : —

" The Ale-zhone-ke-we-ne confederacy, located in the northeast, on territory between Mass-ad-chu-set, ' near the great hills or mountains,' now called Massa- chusetts, on the south, and Heeh-sepe, 'chief river,' now called St Lawrence, on the northeast, were called the Ab-e-na-kies. This name is thought to be a disguise of the name Wan-ban-ak-kees, which by some Indians is pronounced Oob-an-ak-kees. This name was probably applied to distinguish them as the people dwelling in the region of the Wan-ban-ben, ' Aurora Borealis,' or ' Northern Lights.' So the name Abenakees appears to mean the ' Northern Light People.'. The elements of this name has place in many Indian names in the country they occupied. Their confederate sign manual or totem was * Great Bear,' Masse-machks, which is a corruption of the Ale-zhone-ke-we-ne term for ' Great Bear,' Mishe-mo-kweir. Probably the name Mich-mack and Merrimack had their origin from this name — one given to the Indians resident on the river, the other the river itself."

Wig/rams. — The Algonquin Indians made their wigwams small and round, and for one or two families only ; while the Iroquois built theirs long and narrow, each for the use of many families. The Algonquin wigwam was made of poles set up around a circle, from ten to twelve feet across. The poles met at the top, forming a circular framework, which was covered with bark-mats or skins: in the centre was the fire, the smoke escaping from a hole in the top. In these wigwams men, women, children, and dogs crowded promiscuously together in complete violation of all our rules of modern housekeeping.

Social Life, Government, and Language. — The government of the Indian

Ini>ian History. 25

was completely patriarchal. The only law was the custom of the tribe; conforming to that, he was otherwise as free as the air he breathed in follow

the bent of liis OWD wild will. In his solitary cabin he was the head of his family, and his"squaw" was hut his slave to do the drudgery. Over tribes were principal chiefs called sachems, and lesser ones called sagamores. Tin; direct succession was invariably in the female line. The war-chiefs were only Leaders in times of war, and won their distinction only by their valor on the warpath. The Indian Language, in the language of modern comparative philology, was neither monosyllabic like the Chinese, nor inflecting like thai of the civilized Caucasian stock, hut was agglutinating, like that of the northwest- ern Asiatic tribes and those of southeastern Europe. They express ideas by stringing words together in one compound vocable. The Algonquin languages were harsh and guttural, not euphonious like that of the Iroquois. Contrast the Algonquin names A-gi-o-cho-ok, Co-os, Squa-ke-ag, Am-os-ke-ag, Win-ni-pi- se-o-gee, Waum-bek-ket-meth-na, with Hi-a-wath-a, O-no-a-la-go-na, Kay-ad-ros- se-ra, Ska-nek-ta-da.

Food. — The Indians had fish, game, nuts, berries, roots, corn, acorns, squashes, a kind of bean called now "seiva" bean, and a species of sunflower, with roots like an artichoke. Fish were speared or taken with lines, nets, or snares, made of the sinews of deer or fibres of moosewood. Their fish-hooks were made of the bones of fishes or of birds. They caught the moose, the deer, and the hear in the winter season by shooting with bows and arrows, by snaring, or in pit falls. They cooked their fish by roasting before the fire on the end of a long stick, or by boiling in closely woven baskets, or stone or wooden vessels. They made water boil, not by hanging over the fire, but by the constant immersion of hot stones. The corn boiled alone was " hominy ; " with beans, "succotash."

Religion. — The aborigines had but a vaguely crude idea, if an idea at all, of religion. They had no priests, no altars, no sacrifice. They had "medicine- men"— mere conjurors — who added nothing to the mysterious awe and super- stition which enveloped the whole race. The Indian spiritualized everything in nature: heard "aery tongues on sands and shores and desert wildernesses," saw ••calling shapes and beckoning shadows dire" on every hand. The flight or cry of a bird, the humming of a bee, the crawling of an insect, the turning of a leaf, the whisper of a breeze, all were mystic signals of good or evil import, by which he was guided in the most important undertakings. lie placed the greatest confidence in dreams, which were to him revelations from the spirit-world, guiding him to the places where his game linked, and to the haunts of his enemies. He invoked t heir aid on all occasions to instruct him how to cure the sick, or reveal to him his enemies.

Three centuries of contact with our civilization has unchanged him, and he is still the wild, untamed child of nature. " I Ie will not,'* says Parkman, v> learn

26 History of Carroll County.

the arts of civilization, and lie and his forest must perish together. The stern, unchanging features of his mind excite our admiration from their immutability; and we look with deep interest on the fate of this irreclaimable son of the wilderness, the child who will not be weaned from the breast of his rugged mother."

A powerful confederacy of tribes occupied New Hampshire and Maine when Captain Smith sailed along the coast and named New England. The leading chief was the one who ruled over the Penobscot tribe, which dwelt along the river of that name. Shortly after this (1615) the Taratines sent war parties from Acadia and captured the chief village of the Penobscots, and nearly exterminated the tribe. This dissolved the confederation, and a season of civil war and anarchy ensued. The Taratines, flushed with victory, sent forces by land and sea against the various tribes, and conquered all opposition. It was a war of extinction to the weak tribes. There was no time for hunting, fishing, or corn-planting, and a grievous famine fell on those whom the toma- hawk had spared. Closely following this, and in conjunction therewith (1616), a mysterious plague developed rapidly near the sea, and raged through a wide extent of territory for three successive summers, sweeping away whole tribes, and leaving a solitude in the most populated sections. Nine tenths of the Indian population was exterminated by the combined action of the three forces of war, famine, and pestilence. As these ceased, new tribal arrangements were formed, and a confederation of thirteen tribes was organized with the historic Passaconaway, of Pennacook, as bashaba, or chieftain.

The tribes were then located throughout this northern and eastern section substantially thus : the Taratines occupied the Penobscot valley, and drew tribute from surrounding tribes. They were a kindred tribe to the Abenaquis, which held its territory from the St Lawrence and Lake Champlain to the Kennebec. The New Hampshire tribes were known as IVipmucks, fresh-water people. The Nipmucks were composed of the Nashaways, living on the Nashua river ; the Souhegans, in the Souhegan valley ; the Squamscotts, around Exeter; the Pascataquakes, between Dover and Portsmouth; the Newichawanocks, along Salmon Falls river; the Amoskeags, at and around Manchester; the Pennacooks, around Concord; the Winnipiseogees, south and west of the lake of that name ; the " swift deer-hunting Coo-ash-aukes,,' on the Connecticut; the Pemigewassets, in the valley of that name; the Ossipees, around Ossipee lake and along the north shore of Winnipiseogee lake; the Pequawkets, in the Saco valley; the Anasagunticooks, a powerful tribe, controlled the territory of the Ameriscoggin (Androscoggin).

The Massachusetts occupied the lands around the bay of that name and the adjacent islands. What is now Vermont was a contested ground, where no tribe had a permanent home. It was the beaver-hunting country of the Mohawks, also claimed, and at times occupied, by the Abenaquis.

Indian History. 27

Passaconawav was in authority from before 1(520 to 1<>60. He was a better friend to the whites than they were to him. lie restrained his warriors from making war on the English for many years, and kept the peace (hiring the exciting period of King Philip's War. His warriors later could not be held hack from war on the whites, and he resigned the chieftainship to his son Wonalancet. In 1685 Wonalancet was succeeded by Kancamagus, his grandson, an able and adroit statesman and a brave and skilful warrior. He was abused and ill-treated hy the English, whose friendship he tried hard to retain, and hecame their dangerous enemy. He planned and conducted in person the attack on Dover, which proved so disastrous to both whites and Indians. This was in 168f>, and the result was the virtual sweeping out of existence of the Pennacooks.

Passaconaway, Wonalancet, and Kancamagus were all of them men of more than ordinary power ; equal in mental vigor, physical proportions, and moral qualities to any of their white contemporaries.

From this time the northern tribes of the broken confederation remained in hostility to the English, and war and warlike forays existed for a long term of years. The Indians had been foolishly repulsed by the English, and were stanch and valuable allies of the French. "The war on the part of the Indians was one of ambushes and surprises." They were secret as beasts of prey, skilful marksmen, swift of foot, patient of fatigue, familiar with every path and nook of the forest, and frantic with the passion for vengeance and destruction. The laborer in the field and the woodman felling trees were shot down by skulking foes who were invisible. The mother left alone in the lumse was in constant fear of the tomahawk for herself and her children. There was no hour of freedom from peril. The dusky red men hung upon the skirts of the colonial villages "like the lightning on the edge of the cloud."

Military expeditions from Massachusetts and the lower New Hampshire settlements, also composed of " skilful marksmen," tireless woodsmen, and daring adventurers, thirsting for vengeance and destruction, were often sent out.

The most important of these in far-reaching consequences of crushing the Indian strength in this part of New England, and securing peace and immunity from attack, were under the leadership of Captain John Lovewell, and have made Carroll county historic ground. The stirring adventures and tragedies enacted on and near the soil of what we now call Carroll county, where he and most of his heroic party met death bravely, carrying death at the same time to their enemies, have been finely given by Hon. John H. Goodale in his History of Nashua, written for J. W. Lewis & Co.'s History of Hillsborough County, and we copy his very graphic account, which will show that neither the English nor the Indians were governed much by humanity or the principles of the gospel of peace.

28 History of Carroll County.

" With the exception of General John Stark, no other name in the colonial annals of New England is so well known as that of Captain John Lovewell. He was horn in that part of old Dunstable which afterward fell within the limits of Nashua, in a cabin near Salmon Brook. He was the oldest son of John Lovewell, who came over from England about 1670. His grandfather served in the army of Oliver Cromwell. His father appears to have fought under the famous Captain Church during King Philip's War. He was a man of unusual courage and physical vigor. At the time of his death, in 1752, he was probably a centenarian, but not, as erroneously reported, one hundred and twenty years old.

"Captain John Lovewell, Jr, was, like his father, a man of great courage and ready to engage in daring enterprises. During his boyhood Dunstable was constantly assailed by merciless savages, and at a very early age he began to engage in scouts, which required the exercise of the utmost caution, prompti- tude, and bravery. At eighteen years of age he was actively engaged in exploring the wilderness to find the lurking-places of the Indians. Having the qualities of leadership, his ability was early recognized, and at the age of twenty-five he ranked as the best equipped, most daring and versatile scout in the frontier settlements. This was no trivial compliment, for no township in New England had, in the first half of the eighteenth century, a more experienced, adroit, and courageous corps of Indian fighters than Dunstable.

" The fate of Lieutenant French and his party, in September, 1724, had a dispiriting effect on the inhabitants of Dunstable. But Captain John Lovewell, Jr, then thirty years old, was determined to carry the war to the strongholds of the savages and destroy them, as Captain Church had destroyed the followers of King Philip. ' These barbarous outrages must be stopped, and I am ready to lead the men who will do it,' was his declaration to his comrades. Joined by Josiah Farwell and Jonathan Robbins, a petition was sent to the General Court of Massachusetts for leave to raise a company to scout against the Indians. The original petition, signed by them, is on file in the office of the Secretary of State in Boston, and is as follows : —

The humble memorial of John Lovewell, Josiah Farwell, Jonathan Roberts, all of Dunstable, sbeweth :

That your petitioners, with near forty or fifty others, are inclinable to range and to keep out in the woods for several months together, in order to kill and destroy their enemy Indians, provided they can meet with Encouragement suitable. And your Petitioners are Employed and desired by many others Humbly to propose and submit to your Honors' consid- eration, that if such soldiers may be allowed five shillings per day, in case they kill any enemy Indian, and possess his scalp, they will Employ themselves in Indian hunting one whole year; and if within that time they do not kill any, they are content to be allowed nothing for their wages, time and trouble.

John Lovewell. Josiah Farwell. Jonathan Robbins. Dunstable, Nov., 1724.

Indian HISTORY. 29

"This petition was granted, with, the change of the compensation bo a bounty of one hundred pounds per scalp. Volunteers came forward with alacrity, the company was organized, and the commission of captain given to Lovewell.

i- With this picked company Captain Lovewell started on an exclusion

northward to Lake Winnipesaukee. On the 10th of December, 17-4. the party came upon a wigwam in which were two Indians — a man and a boy. They killed and scalped the man, and brought the boy alive; to Boston, where they received the promised bounty and two shillings and sixpence per day.

M This success was small, but it gave courage, and the company grew from thirty to eighty-seven. They started the second time on January 27, 172">. Crossing the Merrimack at Nashua, they followed the river route; on the east side to the southeast corner of Lake Winnipesaukee, where they arrived on the 9th of February. Provisions falling short, thirty of them were dismissed by lot and returned home. The company went on to Bear Camp river, in Tain- worth, where, discovering Indian tracks, they changed their course and followed them in a southeast direction till, just before sunset on the 20th, they saw- smoke, by which the}T judged the enemy were encamped for the night. Keeping- concealed till after midnight, they then silently advanced, and discovered ten Indians asleep round a lire by the side of a frozen pond. Lovewell now resolved to make sure work, and placing his men conveniently, ordered them to fire, live at once, as quickly after each other as possible, and another part to reserve their fire. He gave the signal by firing his own gun, which killed two of them ; the men, firing as directed, killed five more on the spot ; the other three starting up from their sleep, two were shot dead on the spot by the reserve. The other, wounded, attempted to escape across the pond, was seized by a dog and held fast till they killed him. In a few minutes the whole party was killed, and a raid on some settlement prevented. These Indians were coming from Canada with new guns and plenty of ammunition. They had also some spare blankets, moccasins and snowshoes for the use of tire prisoners they expected to take. The pond where this success was achieved is in the town of Wakefield, and has ever since borne the name of Lovewell's Pond. The company then went to Boston through Dover, where they displayed the scalps and guns taken from the savages. In Boston the}r received the bounty of one thousand pounds from the public treasury.

"Captain Lovewell now planned the bold design of attacking the Pequaw- kets in their chief village on the Saco river, in Fryeburg, Maine. This tribe was powerful and ferocious. Its chief was Paugus, a noted warrior, whose name inspired terror wherever he was known. To reach Pequawket was a task- involving hardships and danger. There is no doubt that Captain Lovewell underestimated the perils of the march and the risk from ambuscades. One hundred and thirty miles in early spring, through a wilderness not marked by a trail to a locality never visited by the invaders, but every rod familiar to the

30 History of Carroll County.

wily foe, were serious disadvantages. Besides this, the company, at the start, only consisted of forty-six men. They left Salmon brook on the 16th of April, 1725. They had traveled hut a few miles when Toby, an Indian, falling sick, was obliged to return, which he did with great reluctance.

"At Contoocook (now Boscawen) William Cummings, of Dunstable, became so disabled by a wound received from the enemy years before that the captain sent him back with a kinsman to accompany him. They proceeded on to the west shore of Ossipee lake, where Benjamin Kidder, of Nuffield (now London- derry), falling sick, the captain halted and built a rude fort, having the lake shore to the east and Ossipee river on the north side. This was intended as a refuge in case of disaster. Here Captain Lovewell left with Kidder the surgeon, a sergeant, and seven other men as a guard. He also left a quantity of provisions to lighten the loads of the men, and which would be a needed supply on their return.

" With only thirty-four men, Captain Lovewell, not disheartened, proceeded on his march from Ossipee lake to Pequawket village, a distance of nearly forty miles through a rough forest. None of the party were acquainted with the route. Of the thirty-four in the company, only eight were from that portion of Dunstable now included in Nashua. The others were from neigh- boring towns, largely from Groton, Billerica, and Woburn. Dunstable fur- nished the captain, lieutenants, and nearly all the minor officers of the expedi- tion. The eight men from Dunstable were Captain John Lovewell, Lieutenant Josiah Farwell, Lieutenant Jonathan Robbins, Ensign John Harwood, Sergeant Noah Johnson, Corporal Benjamin Hassell, Robert Usher, and Samuel Whiting, privates.

" On Thursday, two days before the fight, the company were apprehensive that they were discovered and watched by the enemy, and on Friday night the watch heard the Indians rustling in the underbrush, and alarmed the company, but the darkness was such they made no discovery. Very early in the morning of Saturday, May 8, while they were at prayers, they heard the report of a gun. Soon after they discovered an Indian on a point running out into Saco pond. The company decided that the purpose of the Indian was to draw them into an ambush concealed between himself and the soldiers. The inference was a mis- take, and a fatal one to a majority of the party. Expecting an immediate attack, a consultation was held to determine whether it was better to venture an engagement with the enemy or to make a speedy retreat. The men boldly answered : ' We have prayed all along that we might find the foe, and we had rather trust Providence with our lives, yea, die for our country, than try to return without seeing them, and be called cowards for our conduct.'

"Captain Lovewell readily complied, and led them on, though not without manifesting some apprehensions. Supposing the enemy to be in front, he ordered the men to lay down their packs and march with the greatest caution

In man History. 31

and in the utmost readiness. In this way they advanced a mile and a half when Ensign Wyman spied an [ndian approaching among the trees. Giving a signal, all the men concealed themselves, and as the Indian came nearer several

guns were fired at him. He at onee fired at Captain Lovewell with beaver shot, wounding him severely, though he made little complaint, and was still able to travel. Ensign Wyman then tired and killed the Indian, and Chaplain Frye scalped him. They then returned toward their packs, which had already been found and seized by the savages, who, in reality, were Lurking in their rear, and who were elated by discovering from the number of the packs that their own force was more than double that of the whites. It was now ten o'clock, and just before reaching the place, on a plain of scattered pines about thirty rods from the pond, the Indians rose up in front and rear in two parties, and ran toward the whites with their guns presented. The whites instantly presented their guns and rushed to meet them.

" When both parties came within twenty yards of each other, they tired. The Indians suffered far the more heavily, and hastily retreated a few rods into a low pi ne thicket, where it was hardly possible to see one of them. Three or tour rounds followed from each side. The savages had more than twice the number of our men and greatly the advantage in their concealed position, and their shots began to tell fearfully. Already nine of the whites were killed and three were fatally wounded. This was more than one third of their number. Among the dead were Captain Lovewell and Ensign Harwood, and both lieu- tenant Farwell and Lieutenant Robbins were injured beyond recovery. Ensign Wyman ordered a retreat to the pond, and probably saved the company from entire destruction, as the pond protected their rear.

"The fight continued obstinately till sunset, the savages howling, yelling, and barking, and making all sorts of hideous noises, the whites frequently shouting and huzzahing. Some of the Indians, holding up ropes, asked the English if they would take quarter, but were promptly told that they would have no quarter save at the muzzles of their guns.

"About the middle of the afternoon the chaplain, Jonathan Frye, of Andover, who graduated at Harvard in 1723, and who had fought bravely, fell terribly wounded. When he could light no longer, he prayed audibly for the preservation of the rest of the company.

"The light had lasted nearly eight hours, and at intervals was furious. The reader will understand that it was very unlike a battle between two parties of civilized infantry. In lighting these savages, who concealed themselves behind trees, logs, bushes, and rocks, the whites were compelled to adopt similar tactics. In such a light, while obeying general orders, each soldier fires at the toe when he can discern an exposed head or body. This Pequawket contest lasted from ten in the morning till night, but it was not continuous. Then- were intervals of nearly or quite half an hour, which were hardly disturbed by

32 History of Carroll County.

the crack of a single musket. But in these intervals the savages were skulking and creeping to get a near view and sure aim at some white soldier, while our men were desperately on the alert to detect their approach and slay them. Noticing a lull among the warriors, Ensign Wyman crept up behind a bush and discovered a group apparently in council, and by a careful shot brought down their leader.

" It was in the latter part of the fight that Paugus, the Indian chief, met his fate. He was well known by most of Lovewell's men, and several times he (ailed aloud to John Chamberlain, a stalwart soldier from Groton. Meanwhile the <nms of both these combatants became too foul for use, and both went down to the pond to clean them. Standing but a few yards apart, with a small brook between them, both began to load together, and with mutual threats thrust powder and ball into their weapons. Chamberlain primed his gun by striking the breach heavily on the ground. This enabled him to fire a second before his foe, whose erring aim failed to hit Chamberlain.

" At twilight the savages withdrew, disheartened by the loss of their chief. From information afterwards obtained, it is believed that not more than twenty of the Indians escaped unhurt, and, thus weakened, they did not hazard a renewal of the struggle. But our men, not knowing their condition, expected a speedy return. About midnight, the moon having arisen, they collected together, hungry and very faint, all their food having been snatched by the Indians with their packs. On examining the situation, they found Jacob Farrar just expiring, and Lieutenant Robbins and Robert Usher unable to rise ; four others, namely, Lieutenant Farwell, Frye, Jones, and Davis, very danger- ously wounded, seven badly wounded, and nine unhurt.

" A speedy return to the fort at Ossipee was the only course left them. Lieutenant Robbins told his companions to load his gun and leave it with him, saying, 'As the Indians will come in the morning to scalp me, I will kill one more if I can.' One man, Solomon Keyes, of Billerica, was missing. When lie had fought till he had received three wounds, and had become so weak that he could not stand, he crawled up to Ensign Wyman and said: 'I am a dead man, but if possible I will get out of the way so that the Indians shall not have my scalp.' He then crept away to some rushes on the beach, where, dis- covering a canoe, he rolled over into it. There was a gentle north wind, and drifting southward three miles, he was landed on the shore nearest the fort. Gaining strength, he was able to reach the fort and join his comrades.

"Leaving the dead unburied, and faint from hunger and fatigue, the survivors started before dawn for Ossipee. A sad prospect was before them. The Indians, knowing their destitution, were expected at every moment to fall upon them. Their homes were a- hundred and thirty miles distant; ten of their number had fallen, and eight were groaning with the agony of terrible wounds. After walking a mile and a half, four of the wounded men —

I n i > i a n History.

Lieutenant Farwell, Chaplain Frye, and Privates Davis and Jones were unable to go farther, and urged the others bo hasten to the fort and send a fresh recruit to their rescue. The part)' hurried on as fast as strength would permit to the Ossipee fort. To their dismay they found it deserted. One of their number, in the first hour of the battle, terrified by the death of the commander and others, Bneakingly had fled to the fort and gave the men posted there so frightful an account that they all fled hastily toward Dunstable. Fortunately, some of the coarse provisions were Left, but not a tithe of what were needed. Resting briefly, they continued their travels in detached parties to Dunstable, the majority reaching there on the night of the 13th of May, and the others two days later. They suffered severely from want of food. From Saturday morning till Wednesday — four days — they were entirely without any kind of food, when they caught some squirrels and partridges, which were roasted whole and greatly improved their strength.

"Eleazer Davis and Josiah Jones, two of the wounded, who were left near the battle-ground, survived, and after great suffering reached Berwick, Me. Finding, after several days, no aid from the fort, they all went several miles together. Chaplain Frye laid down and probably survived only a few hours. Lieutenant Farwell reached within a few miles of the fort, and was not heard of afterwards. He was deservedly lamented as a man in whom was combined unusual bravery with timely discretion. There is little doubt but he and several others of the wounded would have recovered if they could have had food and medical care. Their sufferings must have been terrible.

"The news of this disaster caused deep grief and consternation at Dun- stable. A company, under Colonel Tyng, went to the place of action, and buried the bodies of Captain Lovewell and ten of his men at the foot of a tall pine-tree. A monument now marks the spot. The General Court of Massa- chusetts gave fifteen hundred pounds to the widows and orphans, and a handsome bounty of lands to the survivors."

In the fight which resulted so fatally to Captain Lovewell and a majority of his command, the numbers engaged were inconsiderable. But, while tempo- rarily disastrous, the results proved of incalculable advantage to the border settlements. From that day the courage and power of the red men were destroyed. They soon withdrew from their ancient haunts and hunting groundsill New Hampshire to the French settlements in Canada. No subse- quent attacks by an organized force of Indians were made upon Dunstable, and their raids made afterwards at Concord, Hillsborough, and Charlestown were merely spasmodic efforts, instigated, and in some instances led, by French officers. Yet such had been the experience of the past that for years the pioneer settlers listened in the still watches of the night for the footfall of the stealthy savage ; the musket was the companion of his pillow, and in his sleep he dreamed of the fierce yells of the merciless toe.

34 History of Carroll County.

The expedition of Captain Lovewell was no doubt hazardous in view of the difficulties of the march and the small number of his men. One fifth of his force, besides the surgeon, was left at the fort at Ossipee. Captain Lovewell intended to surprise Paugus by attacking him in his camp. Unfortunately, the reverse happened. Paugus and his eighty warriors were returning from a jour- ney down the Saco, when they discovered the track of the invaders. For forty hours they stealthily, followed and saw the soldiers dispose of their packs, so that all the provisions and blankets fell into their own hands, with the knowl- edge of their small force. Thus prepared, they expected from their chosen ambush to annihilate or to capture the entire party.

Thus ended the memorable campaign against the Pequawkets. Deep and universal was the gratitude of the people at the prospect of peace. For fifty years had the war been raging with little cessation and with a series of sur- prises, devastations, and massacres that seemed to threaten annihilation. The scene of this desperate and bloody action at Fryeburg is often visited, and in song and eulogy are commemorated the heroes of " Lovewell's fight."

[Suncook, now Pembroke, was granted originally in May, 1727, by Massa- chusetts to Captain Lovewell and his faithful comrades, in consideration of their services against the Indians. There were sixty grantees, forty-six of whom went with Lovewell in his last march to Pequawket. The others were among those who were in his first enterprises.]

Abnaquis. — A veil of romance surrounds this now really extinct people. The French, who have been in circumstances to know them best, award them a high place, with, perhaps, a kinship with that peculiar European people, the Basques. The Jesuit father, Eugene Vetromile, in his work, " The Abnakis Indians," expresses the French view of them in these words : " The Abnakis bear evident marks of having been an original people in their name, manners, and language. They show a kind of civilization which must be the effect of antiquity and of a past flourishing age. We never read of their having been treacherous, nor of a want of honor or conscience in fulfilling their private or public word. They had a regular method of writing, like the Chinese, Japanese, etc., but with different characters."

On a map published in 1660, the Abnaquis (Abnaquotii) are located between the Kennebec (Kinibakius fluvius) and Lake Champlain (Lacus Champlenius), occupying the head-waters of the Kennebec, the Androscoggin (fluvius Amingocoutius), of the Saco (Choacatius fluvius), and another unnamed river, perhaps the Presumpscot. Here they were located for many generations antecedent to this date. That branch of them in the Saco valley and Carroll county territory, known as Sokokis, Ossipees, and Pequawkets, was noticed by the earliest navigators. Captain John Smith, in 1614, mentions, among other names, that of Sawogotuck (Saco) ; and La Hon- ton says: " The Sokokis were one of the tribes of the country." Gorges calls

Indian History. ;;;,

them Sockhigones. Two of their chiefs, about L640, conveyed Lands. Their

names were Fluellen and Captain Sunday, and who succeeded them is well known in history .

Charlevoix mentions them, and says. "They were one of the tribes thai founded the settlement at St Francis, Canada, where some of their descendants still reside." Williamson, in his "History of Maine." says "they were a num- erous people, and that their original place of residence was on the islands, near the falls of the Saco, a few miles from the sea; and that, at an early period, they employed English carpenters to build them a strong fort of timber, four- teen feet high, with flankers." This was to protect themselves from the Mohawks. He also states that there were two branches, one of which had its residence on the banks of the Ossipee, and the other on the alluvial land in the bends of the Saco, at and above the present town of Fryeburg. At the treaty of peace, held at Sagadahoc in 1702, there were delegates from those inhab- iting at Winnesockee, Ossipee, and Pigwacket. At the attack of Falmouth, now Portland, in August, 1676, it is stated the sagamore of Pegwacket was taken and killed ; and also, by an Indian that was taken, the army was informed, 11 Y' at Pegwacket there are twenty English captives." Belknap mentions that Natambomet, sagamore of Saco, signed a treaty of peace in 1685; and in 1702, in the treaty before referred to at Sagadahoc, Governor Dudley met, among delegates from other tribes, Watorota-nunton, Hegon, and Adiawonda, chiefs of the Pequawkets. The latter name figures in the annals of the tribe for the next half-century. In the treaty made at Portsmouth, in 1713, with all the eastern Indians, the Pigwockets are mentioned, but the names of their dele- gates cannot be identified. In that of 1717, held at Arrowsic, on the Kennebec, two of their chiefs, Adeawando and Scawesco, appear, and sign the treaty with a cross. They were probably, at that period, as numerous as any of the eastern tribes, although a considerable part of them had gone some years before to join the settlement at St Francis.

The valleys of the Ossipee and Bear Camp rivers were possessed by them, and here was the place of burial. The mound resulting from this rite is still plainly to be seen. [See description in Ossipee.]

The precise period when they permanently left the lower part of the Saco is unknown, but it is likely it preceded the early settlement there. With their change of residence, they soon changed their name of Sokokis, and were known as Ossipees and Pequawkets. The latter has been written in a great variety of wa}rs. It is found with at least twenty variations. At the time of Lovewell'8 light, it seems mainly to have been written Pigwocket. Belknap wrote it Pequawket, and he has generally been followed by succeeding histo- rians; but Judge Potter, in his "History of Manchester," spells it Pequau- Quauke. The true meaning of the word is "crooked place." It is, like most Indian names, a compound word, made up from Peque or Pequau, crooked: auk,

36 History of Carroll County.

place or locality; et, a verbal termination, meaning "it is," or "here it is" — Peqnauket. It is singularly expressive of the locality ; for here the Saco makes perhaps the most remarkable crooks or bends of any stream in New England, running a distance said to be about thirty miles to gain less than six. Eliot, in his Indian Bible, and Roger Williams use nearly the same word to express crooked or winding. Of their numbers at the time of the battle with Lovewell, it can only be conjectured ; but we now know that all the tribes had been much reduced by pestilence. In this action they must have lost fifteen or twenty of their warriors killed or badly wounded. Paugus (the oak) and Wahawah (the broad-shouldered) were brave and daring leaders, but they were war-chiefs, not treaty-makers nor principal chiefs, though Paugus had been long known as a chief leader in their forays against the frontiers. Adea- wonda had represented the tribe at treaties for more than twenty years pre- vious. In 1726, Captain John Giles, who commanded the fort at Saco and had a long experience with all the Indians in Maine, made a list of the men over sixteen years in the various tribes, which is preserved in the " Maine Historical Collections." He puts down " the Paquakig (Pequawkets) as only twenty- four fighting men." This was, no doubt, correct. He says, " Their chief is Edewancho" (Adeawando). At the close of Lovewell's War, a treaty was made, to which the Pequawkets were a party ; and from that period we hear nothing of them for several years. They had suffered too severely by the hands of Lovewell and his company to wish for another trial. They found they were not secure in their remote village, and a part of them — the most warlike — emigrated to Canada. Those who remained always advocated and practised peace with the whites, while the emigrants to Canada became our bitterest enemies.

In Rev. Mr Smith's journal, kept at Falmouth, we find under date of July 9, 1745: "Several gentlemen are with the Mohawks, down at St Georges, treating with the Penobscott Indians about peace. About twenty Saco Indians are at Boston, pretending to live with us."

At the treaty of Falmouth in 1749, the Pigwacket Indians are named as being present ; but it was decided by the commissioners that, as they had not been engaged in the war, it was not necessary that they should join in the treaty.

There is no doubt that, soon after the close of Lovewell's War, a part of the tribe, with their neighbors, the Anasagunticooks and Noridgewocks, emigrated to Canada, and among them their chief, Adeawando, where he was a favorite of the governor-general, and, as he had been at Pequawket, their statesman, but not their military chief. In 1752 Captain Phineas Stevens proceeded to Canada as a delegate from the governor of Massachusetts to ("liter with the St. Francis tribe and redeem some prisoners they had taken from New England. In a conference held at Quebec, " Atewanto" was the

Indian History. 37

Chief speaker,' and made an eloquent reply, in which be charged the English with trespassing on their lands. " He said. • We acknowledge no other land of yours but your settlements, wherever you have built; and we will not consent, under any pretext, that you pass beyond them.' 'The lands we \)n<,si'±<, have been given us by the great Master of life. We acknowledge to hold only from him." " J

In a Letter from Jacob Wendell, a resident of Boston, but dated New York, 1749 (see N. V. Col. Hist. vol. vi.), he says, "That, in the beginning of the war with France (1745), some men, women, and children, of a tribe called by US Pigwackett, came to a Eort near where they lived, and desired that they might live among the English ; for that they desired they might not be concerned in the war : and they lived some time at the fort ; but, when war was proclaimed against the eastern Indians, they were brought up to Boston, where good care was taken of them by the government, a suitable place, about fifty miles from Boston, provided for them to live at, where there was good fishing and fowling, and their clothing and what else they wanted provided for them by the government. ( hi the application, this summer, of the eastern Indians to Grovernor Shirley for peace, and the messengers promising to call in all the heads of the tribes concerned with them in the war, it was concluded by the governor, if these Pigwackett Indians desire it, they should go down there ; and I am informed by Mr Boylston, who left Boston some time after me, that he saw those Indians there, and the commissary-general told him he had orders to provide for and send them all down to Casco bay, where the treaty was appointed ; that, I believe, the account thereof may be sent to Canada before now, and the St Francois satisfied. Thus I have given your Excellency a true account of these Indians; and hope, when the governor-general has it sent him, he will send home the poor prisoners belonging to this as well as to the neighboring provinces."

It may be inferred from this letter that when the war of 1745 began, instead of joining the other eastern tribes against the whites, they remembered LovewelFs fight twenty years before, and were so determined to preserve their neutrality, that they left that part of the country, and only returned when peace was to be made.

Of that part of the tribe which remained but little more can be ascertained. Douglass the historian, who wrote about 1750, says, "The Pequawket Indians live in two towns (probably at Pequawket and at Ossipee),and have only aboul a dozen fighting-men. They often travel to Canada by way of Connecticut river."

After the conquest of Canada and the occupation of the Saco vallej by the whites, the remnant of the tribe remained about the upper part of Connecticul river till the beginning of the Revolution. The last trace of them, as a tribe, is

1 Sec Kidder's Abanaki Indians, " Maine Bistorical Col." vol. vi.

38 History of Carroll County.

in a petition to the government of Massachusetts, dated at Fryeburg, in which they ask for guns, blankets, and ammunition for thirteen men who are willing to enroll themselves on the patriot side. This document was indorsed by the proper authorities, and the request was granted. In Drake's "Book of the Indians" is the following: "With the Androscoggins, the Pigwackets retired to the sources of the Connecticut river, who, in the time of the Revolu- tion, were under a chief named Philip." [The signer of the famous deed of June 8, 1706, conveying northern New Hampshire and a part of Maine to Thomas Eames and others.]

Long after this, solitary members, and sometimes a family, lingered around the vicinity of their ancient home, and the old people of a generation ago remembered the names of Old Philip, Tom Hegon, and Swarson, and also the fact that a number of them were engaged in the colonial army of the Revolu- tion, for which they received suitable rewards. The central metropolis of the Abenaquis Indians was St Francis,1 midway between Quebec and Montreal, on the St Lawrence, where it receives the St Francis river. This was in easy communication with the New England frontiers, here were planned many bloody expeditions against the lower New Hampshire settlements, and here were paid by the French the bounties they allowed for English scalps and prisoners. This wealthy Indian settlement held up the hands of New Hampshire Indians in their attacks, and joined them in their raids to glut their revenge in the blood of the New Englanders. Their trails came down the Pemigewasset, the Notch, and other defiles of the mountains, and their jubilant cries as they returned laden with prisoners, scalps, and spoils were heard among the pines of Winni- piseogee and Ossipee, and were reflected from the rocky sides of the mountain passes. This village was a city of refuge for all the outlawed savages of English territory, and here after their crushing defeats were gladly received the remnants of the followers of Philip, Mesandowit, Wahawah, Kancamagus, and Paugus. [In 1755 the English government declared all Indian tribes in this section, except the Penobscots, " enemies, traitors, and rebells," and offered a bounty of £250 for each scalp of a killed Indian, and <£300 for each Indian prisoner delivered at Portsmouth.]

The passing away of these broken bands took away the fear of savage men from the Wmnipiseogee and Saco regions, and they were soon opened to civil- ized occupancy. "Thus the aboriginal inhabitants, who held the lands of New Hampshire as their own, have been swept away. Long and valiantly did they contend for the inheritance bequeathed to them by their fathers ; but fate had decided against them, and their valor was in vain. With bitter feelings of unavailing regret, the Indian looked for the last time upon the happy places where for ages his ancestors had lived and loved, rejoiced and wept, and passed away, to be known no more forever."

' SI Francis de sale- gave name to this village.

Earl's History.

CHAPTER VII.

EARLY HISTORY.

The Sokokis and Pequawkets — Eastern Boundary Line — Walter Bryant's Journal — Continuation of Boundary Line — Ranging Parties and Military Occupation— Early (.ranis Townships Granted — First Settlement — Early Censuses — Population, Polls, and Real Estate — Rapid Increase — Early Selectmen.

FROM the time of Darby Field's visits to the White Hills (1632-1642) and that of Thomas Gorges and Richard Vines, who came up the Saco from the settlement at the mouth in canoes in August, 1642, for many years the territory now Carroll county knew nothing of the white man. The Soko- kis and Pequawket Indians had unmolested occupancy of the Saeo valley, where the cornfields grew as luxuriantly for them as if they were the men of to-day. Their villages were scattered here and there in the fertile vale, the chief one being along the river stretching from Conway into Fryeburg. They were brave, full of war, great in hunting and deeds of valor. Before the defeat of Lovewell (1725), in which one of their chiefs, Paugus, was killed, they were numerous and prosperous. They numbered about 500 warriors in their palmy days, but were broken and scattered after that terrible fight, which not only killed one sixth of their ablest men, but demonstrated that the English were determined to occupy the lands they had known as theirs.

Remnants of their tribe and the Ossipees continued to occupy the country, and the white man at once made preparations for settlement. Three town- ships were laid out on the east shore of Winnipiseogee in 172(5, and were surveyed in 1728. But terror of Indians prevented establishment of homes, and there were only occasional trapping and hunting expeditions to this country (of which no records have been preserved) until the question of the '-astern boundary of New Hampshire became a subject of reference to commissioners. The claims of New Hampshire as to the line were "that the boundary line of New Hampshire; should begin at the centre of Piscataqua harbor, and so pass up the same into the river Newichawannock, and through the same into the farthest head t hereof, and from thence northwestward (that is. north, less than a quarter of a point westwardly) as far as the British Dominions extends." etc. The commissioners reported in September, 17;'7. that this line, after leaving the farthest head of Pascataqua river, should " run north, two degrees west, till one hundred and twenty miles were finished. '

Massachusetts appealed from this decision, and in 174o. all delays being

40 History of Carroll County.

exhausted, the lords in council sustained the commissioners' report. In the same year arrangements were completed for the survey and establishment of proper designations, and the next spring, very early, Walter Bryant, a royal surveyor, with his corps of assistants, spotted and measured it about thirty miles. This was the first definite act of occupation of this part of the state by colonial authority. It was a difficult undertaking. All the tangled wilderness was rendered more difficult to penetrate by the deep and thawing snows, and the fear of Indians was not an imaginary danger. We reproduce his journal.

1741. March 13. Fryday. I set out from New-Market with eight men to assist me, in running and marking out one of the Province Bounderys — lodged at Cochecho.

14. Saturday. Sent our Baggage on loging sheds to Rochester from Cochecho under the care of three men, the other five continuing with me at Cochecho, it being foul weather.

I.!. Sunday. Attended Public worship at Cochecho and in the evening went to Rochester and lodged there.

16. Monday. Travelled through the upper part of Rochester and lodg'd in a Loging Camp.

17. Tuesday. Went on Salmon Fall River & travell'd up said River on the ice above the second pond and campt.

18. Wednesday. Went to the third pond, & about two of the clock in the afternoon it rain'd & snow'd very hard & oblidg'd us to camp — extream stormy that night and two men sick.

10. Thursday. Went to the head of Nechawannock River and there set my course, being North two Degrees West, but by the needle North Eight Degrees East, and run half a mile on a neck of Land with three men — then return'd to the other five & campt.

20. Fryday. Crost the head pond which was a mile over, and at two hundred rods distance from sd head pond was another which lay so in my course that I crost it three times, and has communication with Monsum River as I suppose — from the last mention'd pond, for six mile together I found the land to be pretty even, the growth generally White and Pitch Pine. (N. B. At the end of every mile I mark'd a tree where the place would admit of it, with the number of miles from the head of Nechawannock River.) Went over a mountain from the summit of which I plainly see the White Hills & Ossipa Pond, which [pond] bore about North West and was about four mile distant. There also lay on the north side of said Mountain at a mile distant a pond in the form of a Circle, of the Diameter of three miles, the East end of which I crost. I also crost the River which comes from the East and runs into said pond & campt, had good travelling to-day & went between seven and eight miles.

21. Saturday. In travelling five miles (the land pretty level) from the place where I campt last night, I came to a river which runs out from the last mention'd pond & there track'd an Indian & three Dogs, kill'd two Deer & Campt.

22. Sunday. Remain'd in my Camp & about nine o'clock at night the camp was hail'd by two Indians (who were within fifteen rods of it) in so broken English that they called three times before I could understand what they said, which was, " What you do there," — upon which 1 spoke to them and immediately upon my speaking they ask'd what news. I told them it was Peace. They answer'd, " May be no." But however, upon my telling them they should not be hurt, and bidding them to come to the Camp, they came and behav'd very orderly and gave me an account of Ossipa pond & River, as also of a place call'd Pig- wacket. They told me the way to know when I was at Pigvvacket was by observing a pertain River which had three large hills on the southwest side of it, which narrative of said Indians respecting Ossipa, &c, 1 found to correspond pretty well with my observations.

Kaim.y History. n

They also informed me of their names which were Sentur ,v Pease. Sentur Is an old man, was in Capt. Lovewell's fight, at which time he was much wounded and lost one of 1 » i — eyes; the other is a young man. They informed me there Living was at Ossipa pond. They had no gun hut hatchett and spears. Our snow shoes being something broken thej readily imparted wherewith to mend them. They would hwe purchased a gun of me, but could not span' one. They were very inquisitive to know what bro't Englishmen so far in the woods in peace, whereupon I inform'd them. Ami upon the whole they said they tho't it was war finding Englishmen so tar in the woods <$ further that there were sundry companys oi Indians a hunting <S they believed that none of sd companys would lei me proceed it the) should meel with me.

23. Monday. Parted with Indian- & went to Ossipa River which is fifteen mile from the head of Salmon Fall which number of miles I mark'd on a pretty large Tree that lay convenient. And in my return I found on said Tree a sword handsomely form'd grasp'd by a hand, i One mile from Ossipa River came to a mountain from the top of which I saw the White Hills. Travel I'd over five large mountains. Campt.

24. Tuesday. Found the snow very soft to-day, so thai we sunk half leg deep in snow shoes. See where two Indians had Campt on Hemlock Boughs. Campt. Snow'd all night.

25. Wednesday. Continued snowing all day & night. The general depth of the snow with what fell last nighl & to-day was four foot and an half to live feet deep.

26. Thursday. The Weather fair <& (dear and in my travel to-day saw the White Hills which were West and by North from me, and about seven miles distant, as near as I could guess. I also see Pigwaket Plain or Intervale Land as also Pigwaket River which ruus from the North West to the South East and cuts the aforesaid Interval to two Triangles, it lying North A: South about eight miles in length & four in breadth. About two or three miles beyond Pigwaket I saw a large body of Water three or four miles long & half a mile broad, but whether River or Pond I do not know.

27. Fryday. Finding the travelling Difficult by the softness of the snow and the h'ivers and Brooks breaking up. together with some backwardness in my men to venture any further, 1 concluded to return, which I did accordingly, and on Wednesday the first of April we got safe back to New Market and all in good health.

Walter Bryent.

In 1768 this line was continued to the neighborhood of Umbagog lake by Isaac Rindge and a corps of men, and by this time the progress of the

settlements northward had reached north and east of hike Winnipiseogee.

From 174.") to 1741>. however, and from 17o4 to 17t><», the horrors of Indian wars on the frontiers had prevented settlements being formed, hut ranging parties had penetrated the wilds, and quite a number had become somewhat conversant with the country we are considering.

In the autumn of 1746 the regiment of New Hampshire troops commanded by Colonel Atkinson was ordered into the Winnipiseogee country to make winter quarters, and as a picket-posl against the incursions of French and Indians from Canada. The regiment built a strong fort in Sanbornton, at the head of Little Bay, and named it Fort Atkinson. The troops remained Inn- for nearly a year in idleness, tinder the lax discipline of the provincial commanders, and much of the time was spent in fishing and hunting excur- sions among the mountains and on and along Lake Winnipiseogee, in which the character and capabilities of the country as far north as the Sandwich Range were defined and minutely studied.

42 History of Carroll County.

The soldiers carried back the most glowing reports of the country, and, as Potter says, " the expedition, apparently so fruitless, had its immediate advantages, for, aside from the protection afforded by it, the various scouts and fishing expeditions explored minutely the entire basin of the Winnipi- seogee, and turned the attention of emigrants and speculators to the fine lands and valuable forests in that section of the province. And as soon as the French and Indian wars were at an end in 1700, the Winnipiseogee basin was at once granted and settled."

Timothy Nash, Benjamin Sawyer, and other hunters had traversed the region of the White Mountains and Pemigewasset valley before the French and Indian wars, and now returned to make permanent camps in this paradise of game. They, as well as the soldiers, carried to the settlements below wonderful stories of this land of richness and marvels, and the colonists now had opportunities for peaceful explorations under advantages unknown before.

Lake Winnipiseogee was carefully measured and mapped in 1753, and soon the lake and river basins in all the northern part of the state were visited by prospectors, for a colonizing fever had broken out among the people of the old towns of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Hampshire, and after the conquest of Canada (1760) the lands prospected were laid out, granted, and settled in rapid succession. Under Governors Benning Wentworth and John Wentworth hundreds of grants were issued, and complaints were rife that exorbitant fees were taken for passing patents of land, that some of the best land in the province was granted to people of Massachusetts and Con- necticut with views of personal reward, that members of the Wentworth family and their intimate friends were almost invariably placed among the grantees.

There was undoubtedly much truth in these charges, and there was evidently great favoritism in the distribution of grants. One incident showing the looseness in which this matter was treated has come down to us in nearly every work of history published concerning the state, and is as follows : —

In 1763 General Jonathan Moulton, of Hampton, a personal friend of Gov. Benning Wentworth, and a grantee of Moultonborough, hoisted a British flag upon the horns of an enormous ox weighing 1,400 pounds, which he had fattened for the purpose, and with drum and life accompaniment and a great parade, drove it to Portsmouth as a present for the governor. He refused all compensation, but as a slight token of esteem from so dear a friend, he would accept a charter of a small gore of land he had discovered adjoining Moulton- borough. The governor pleasantly had the grant issued. It conveyed to the wily general 26,972 acres of land, now comprising the towns of New Hampton and Centre Harbor. [For authentic statement see Moultonborough.]

Mark Hunking Wentworth, whose name appears so often in the charters of towns, was a brother of Benning Wentworth, and father of John Went- worth, who succeeded his uncle as provincial governor.

Eari/5 Bistort. \:\

Townships granted. — The country in Vermont and New Hampshire along the Connecticut, the territory along the Androscoggin, the Sain, and in the

Winnipiseogee hike section was speedily disposed of. Sandwich and Moulton- borough were granted in 1763; the various grants constituting Adams, in the decade From 17t'. I id 177! : Conway, 17<>5; those organized into Bartlett, from 1765 to 1772: Burton, Eaton, and Tamworth in L766; Chatham, 1767: Wolfe- borough, 1770; Chadbourne's and Hart's Location, 177-.

Settlements were begun almost simultaneously in Sandwich. Moulton- borough, Conway, and other places in 1763, 1764, and 176"). The forests resounded with the woodman's strokes; the hand of industry rapidly, and as if by enchantment, laid open new fields and erected commodious habitations; commerce was extended. The ways over which came the early pioneers could not he dignified with the name of roads; they passed through deep and tangled forests, over rough hills and mountains, often along and across trouble- Some and dangerous streams, not anfrequently through swamps of jungle-like growths, and miry and hazardous, where wolves, bears, and catamounts obstructed and alarmed their progress. The forests they could not cut down as they passed along; the obstructing rocks they could not remove; the swamps they could not make passable by causeways; over the streams they Could not make bridges; but over and along these paths (often but a mere trail indicated by "blazes'" or "spots" cut from the sides of trees) men, women, and children ventured through the combination of evils, penetrated the recesses of the wilderness, climbed the lulls, wound their way among the rocks, carefully avoiding surprises from venomous reptiles warming themselves in the rays of the sun, struggled on foot or on horseback through the ooze and mire of the swamps, and swam or forded among the treacherous quick- Bands of deep and rapid streams.

In 1773 a census of the province was taken by order of " His Excellency, John Went worth, Governor." There was now a permanent population of 1,194, divided thus: East Town 248, Leavitt's Town 111, Moultonborough 263, Sandwich 204, Wolfeborough 165, Conway 203.

In 1775 there had been a gain of nearly thirty-three per cent., as the population was 1,579, divided as follows: Wakefield 320, Leavittstown 83, Wolfeborough 211, Ossipee 26, Conway 273, Tamworth 151. Sandwich 243, Moultonborough 272.

In 1777 were taxed on polls and real estate on towns reported, Sandwich 60 polls, £53 3s. Op., ratable estate; Wolfeborough 44 polls, estates .£107 4s. 7p. ; Wakefield si polls, estates £135 8s. 3p.

The growth was now rapid and valuable. The families of wealth and consideration, who had waited for the pioneers t<» prepare the way for their coming, had now brought flocks and herds, and cast in their lot with the advance guards of civilization. By 1 T '. > « > the population had increased 2<>()

44 History of Carroll County.

per cent, in fifteen years. It was now, in spite of the losses of the Revolution, 4,850, distributed in the towns of Conway 574, Eaton 253, Effingham 154, Ossipee 339, Wakefield 646, Wolfeborough 447, Tuftonborough 109, Moulton- borough 565, Sandwich 905, Tamworth 266, Albany 133, Bartlett 248, Chat- ham 58, Hart's Location 12, Burton 141.

The increase and inlhix of inhabitants during the last decade of the last century was nothing less than marvelous. The nineteenth century com- mences with fifteen towns in Carroll county territory, having 9,519 inhabitants: Adams 180, Bartlett 548, Brookfield 504, Burton 264, Chatham 183, Conway 705, Eaton 381, Effingham 451, Moultonborough 857, Ossipee 1,143, Sandwich 1.413. Tamworth 757, Tuftonborough 357, Wakefield 835, Wolfeborough 941.

Town organizations had early introduced the law and order of old commu- nities. Four towns had duly elected selectmen in 1773. Conway elected Abiel Lovejoy and John Webster ; Sandwich, Bagley Weed and Daniel Beede ; Moultonborough, Bradbury Richardson and John Adams ; Wolfe- borough, Benjamin Folsom, Thomas Taylor, and James Connor.

Within less than forty years from the granting of the first town in this territory, the land of the Indian and his barbarous companions, the wolf, the panther, and the bear, had been reclaimed to civilization, and a new epoch commenced. The history of one race upon this soil had been closed, and the history of another, a higher and a civilized race, begun, and the materials for a fruitful and a promising chapter wrought out. Savage possession was succeeded by Christian occupancy.

CHAPTER VIII.

EARLY LAND GEANTS, TITLES, ETC.

Grants by James I — North Virginia — Plymouth Company — Captain John Smith — New England — Sir Ferdinando Gorges and Captain John Muson — Province of Maine — Laconia — First Sett lenient of New Hampshire — Annulling of Plymouth Charter — Death of John Mason — Litigation — Robert Tuftou Mason — Governor Benning Wentworth — Twelve Proprietors and Their Grants — Legislative Settlements of Mason's Grant.

IN 1606 ;i belt of twelve degrees on the American coast, embracing nearly all the soil from Cape Fear to Halifax, was set apart by James I for two rival companies. One, North Virginia, included the land from the forty-first degree of north latitude to the forty-fifth; the other extended from the thirty- fourth to the -thirty -eighth degree.

Kaima Land Grants, Titles, Etc. i.~,

The northern portion was granted to the "Plymouth Company," formed in the west of England. The king retained the power of appointmenl of all offi- cers, exacted homage and rent, and demanded one fifth of all the gold and sil- ver found, and one fifteenth of all the copper for the royal treasury. "No! an elemenl of popular liberty was introduced into these charters; the colonists were nol recognized as a source of political power; they were at (Ik; mercy of a double-headed tyranny composed of the king and his advisers, the Council and its agents."

A new charter was given to the Council of Plymouth, November 3, 1620, granting the lands between the fortieth and forty-eighth degrees of north lati- tude, from sea to sea, as " New England in America." All powers of legisla- tion, unlimited jurisdiction, and absolute property in this tract were given by this Charter. The name originated with the celebrated Captain John Smith, who. during the years from 1605 to 1616, was the greatest American explorer. He made a map of the American coast from Cape Cod to Penobscot in 1614 and called it "New England." The name came into favor with the sovereign, and has been indelibly stamped upon this section of America.

Sir Ferdinando Gorges and Captain John Mason were prominent members of the Council of Plymouth. A man of intellect and courage, a most brilliant naval officer, and a leading spirit in many prominent historical events in Eng- land. Gorges had always a desire to create a new nation in the barbaric lands of America. He had been associated with Raleigh in founding the settlements in Virginia, and it was through him that the exploration and map of New Eng- land were made by John Smith. Fitting out several expeditions which came to naught, he at last became associated with Captain John Mason, a kindred spirit, who had been governor of Newfoundland. The meeting of such men struck coruscant and rapid sparks of enthusiasm, In quick succession they secured various charters, which were intended to, and really did, cover most of the territory now in this state.

The "Province of Maine " was granted by King James to Gorges and .Mason, August 10, 1622. This grant was bounded by the rivers Sagadahoc ( Kennebec) and Merrimack. Palfrey says : "In the same year (1622) the Coun- cil [of Plymouth] granted to Gorges and Mason the country bounded by the Merrimack, the Kennebec, the ocean, and the river of Canada, and this terri- tory was called Laconia." It received its name from the number of lakes lying within its territory, and by some was considered to reach beyond the Great Lakes. The imperfect knowledge of the country possessed by the Council caused them to make such vague description of the lands in the patent and the intended extent of territory as to cause innumerable disputes in after years.

The first settlement of New Hampshire was undoubtedly made in two places in the same year (1623). An "Indenture of David Thomson" has been preserved that shows that David Thomson came over in the spring of L623 in

46 History of Carroll County.

the ship "Jonathan," and settled at "Little Harbor" (Portsmouth), in pursu- ance of an agreement he had made with Abraham Colmer, Nicholas Sherwill, and Leonard Pomerie, merchants of Plymouth, England, and that neither Gorges and Mason nor the Laeonia Company had anything to do with this. In (lie same year Edward and William Hilton made a settlement at Dover under a patent from the Plymouth Council, which conflicted with that given lo the Laeonia proprietors.

The first ship which came out in the interests of the Laeonia Company was the " Warwick," which sailed from London in March, 1630, with Walter Neal, governor, and Ambrose Gibbons, factor; instead of commencing a settlement, they found one of several years' existence when they reached the mouth of the Piscataqua.

Various patents were granted. Mason and Gorges divided their territory. Mason's patents covered the Upper and Lower Plantations, and the settlers obtained patents from the Council to protect their rights. In 1634 Thomas Williams was appointed governor, and under his wise administration^ great improvement was made in the settlements. Laborers, materials for building, settlers, cattle, and everything necessary for prosperity came rapidly over from England. In 1635, however, the Plymouth Council was compelled to give up its charter to the king, and the different provinces from the Hudson to the Penobscot were assigned by lot to the twelve living members of the corpo- ration, and the colonists had no title to the lands they had subdued and cultivated, nor any hope of redress.

The annulling of the charter caused New Hampshire and Massachusetts to belong to Gorges, Mason, and the Marquis of Hamilton, who drew them by lot. Neither Mason nor Gorges ever realized his hopes of an English manor here. Mason died within a year from the annulling of the Plymouth charter, and "his immense estate was swallowed up in outlays, supplies, and wages, and at his death his New Hampshire claim was valued at £10,000." By will he devised his manor of Mason Hall to his grandson, Robert Tufton, and the residue of New Hampshire to his grandson, John Tufton, requiring each to take the name of Mason.

John Tufton Mason died in infancy. Robert Tufton Mason became of age in 1650, and in 1052 Mrs Mason sent over Joseph Mason to secure her rights. Massachusetts courts decided adversely to her claims, and matters rested thus until after the restoration of Charles II, when the king's attorney-general (in 1662) decided that Robert Tufton Mason "had a good and legal title to the province of New Hampshire." The colonists had a long season of trouble and persecutions under the various royal governors appointed in the interest of Mason, but defeated all his attempts to recover the cultivated lands.1

1 In 1661 Fluellen, head chid of the Sokokis, conveyed to Major William Phillips, of Saco, Maine, a tract of land bounded in part by " a line running up the Ossipee river from the Saco to Ossipee pond, thence to Ossipee mountain, thence to Bumphrej < lhadbourne's logging camp." No title to lands in New Hampshire was perpetu- ated from this conveyance.

Early Land Grants, Titles, Etc. 17

In 1686 Mason Leased a tract of a million acres of unoccupied Lands in the Merrimack valley to twenty individuals for an annual rent of ten shillings.

The Masonian claims were afterward presented by one Allen, who died in 1705. His son Thomas renewed the suits commenced by his father, and on

petition to the queen was permitted to bring a writ of ejectment in the New Hampshire courts. After a full hearing, the case was decided against him. Taking an appeal to the English courts, the case had not come up for healing when he died. Then litigation was stopped for years.

There is scarcely a land controversy on record which has created so many lawsuits, or continued so many years, as this claim of Mason to New Hamp- shire. And the end was not yet. During the contentions over the boundaries between New Hampshire and Massachusetts more than thirty years later (1~:'>S), some astute lawyer discovered a lineal descendant of Captain John Mason, bearing the name of John Tufton Mason, and succeeded in getting him to make claims to all the lands granted to Captain John Mason, alleging a flaw in the conveyance to Allen. The claim proved a good one, and the heirs of Mason were again in possession.

After George II had quieted the boundary question alluded to above, he made New Hampshire an independent royal province (1741), with Benning Wentworth, Esq., as governor. The same year Mason came again to New Hampshire, and in 1744 Governor Wentworth brought a proposition to buy Mason's claim before the Assembly. Action by that body was, however, delayed by the excitement incident to the Louisburg expedition, in which Mason was personally engaged. After his return from military life, Mason, in 174ti. informed the Assembly that he would sell his claim to private individuals if that body did not take speedy action on his proposition. After prolonged discussion, the Assembly accepted his terms; but while they were delaying, Mason deeded the property to these twelve prominent gentlemen of Ports- mouth, receiving therefor the nominal price of £1,500: Theodore Atkinson, Mark H. Wentworth, Richard Wibird, John Wentworth (son of the governor), George Jaffrey, Nathaniel Meserve, Thomas Packer, Thomas Wallingford, Jotham Odiorne, Joshua Pierce, Samuel Moore, and John Moffat. Atkinson had three fifteenths, M. H. Wentworth had two fifteenths, and all the rest one fifteenth each. These men were afterwards known as the Masonian proprietors.

Professor Sanborn says: u This deed led to long and angry disputes between the purchasers and the Assembly. They at one time agreed to surrender their claim to the Assembly, provided the land should lie granted by the governor and Council. The Assembly was jealous of these officers, and would nut accept the offer. The people murmured, the legislators threatened; but the new proprietors stood firm. They proceeded to grant new townships on the most liberal terms, asking no reward lor the lands occupied by actual

48 History of Carroll County.

settlers, only insisting on immediate improvement in roads, mills, and churches. Tlie\ reserved in each town one right for a settled minister, one for a par- sonage, one for a school, and fifteen rights for themselves. This generous conduct made them friends, and they soon became popular with all parties. The heirs of Allen threatened loudly to vindicate their claim, hut never actually commenced a suit. So the matter ran on, under the new proprie- torship, till the Revolution, like a flood, swept away all these rotten defences, and gave to actual settlers a title, in fee simple, to their farms."

The hound of these grants on the west was limited to threescore miles, and in time a dispute arose on two points: where the exact limit should be fixed, and whether the western boundary should be a carve or a straight line. Dr Belknap says on this : —

The Masonian proprietors claimed a curve line as their western boundary, and under the royal government no one had controverted that claim. When the war with Great Britain was terminated by the peace of 17s:j, the grantees of some crown lands with which this line inter- fered petitioned the Assembly to ascertain the limits of .Mason's patent. The Masonians at the samo time presented a petition showing the pretensions which they had to a curve line, and praying that a survey of it, which had been made in 176S by Robert Fletcher, might be established. About the same time, the heirs of Allen, whose claim had long lain dormant for want of ability to prosecute it, having consulted counsel and admitted some persons of prop- erty into partnership with them, entered and took possession of the unoccupied lands within the limits of the patent, and, in imitation of the Masonians, gave general deeds of quitclaim to all bona fide purchasers previously to the first of May. 17S">, which deeds were recorded in each county and published in the newspapers. They also petitioned the Assembly to estab- lish a headline for their patent. After a solemn hearing of these claims, the Assembly ordered a survey to be made of sixty miles from the sea on the southern and eastern lines of the state, and a straight line to be run from the end of one line of sixty miles to the end of the other. It also passed an act to quiet all bona fide purchasers of lands between the straight and curve lines, so far as that the state should not disturb them. This survey was made in 1787 by Joseph Blanchard and Charles Clapham.

The line begins on the southern boundary, at Lot No. 18. in the town of Rindge. Its course is north, thirty-nine east. Its extent is ninety-three and one-half miles. It ends at a point in the eastern boundary which is seven miles and two hundred and six rods northward ill (.real Ossapy river. This line being established as the headline or western boundary of Mason's patent, the Masonians. for the sum of forty thousand dollars in public securities and eight hundred dollars in specie, purchased of the state all its right and title to the unoccupied lands between the straight line and the curve. The heirs of Allen were then confined in their claim to those waste lands only which were within the straight line. They have since com- promised their disputes with the proprietors of eleven of the fifteen Masonian shares by deeds of mutual quitclaim and release. This was done in January, 1790.

In the original grant to Mason, November 7, 1(329, it was made to include "all that pari id' the mainland in New England lying upon the seacoast, beginning from the middle part of Merrimack river, and from thence to proceed northwards along the seacoast to Pascataqua river, and so forwards up within the said river and to the furtherest head thereof, and from thence northwestward, until threescore miles be finished from the first entrance of Pascataqua river; also, from Merrimack through the said river and to the

Early Land Grants, Titles, Etc. pi

furtheresl head thereof, and so forwards up into the lands west wait Is. until threescore miles be finished; and from thence to cross overland to the three- score miles end. acconiptcd from Pascal a<| ua river."

This grant, as modified and confirmed April 22, 1635, kept the same bounds and language. The Masonians, says Hammond, in their eagerness, perhaps, to make the most of their patent, claimed that the crossline from the southwestern to northerly bound should be a curve line, or the are of a circle of sixty miles from a point on the seacoast. But evidently the quantity of land taken in by a sweep of sixty miles would depend much on the starting-point, and much more whether it would be a straight line or a eurve. This caused much dispute and litigation. The curve line drawn on Carrigain's map (1816) commences at the southwestern end, in Fit/.william, and in its sweep across to the north- eastern bound passes through Marlborough, Roxbury, Sullivan, Marlow, Wash- ington, Goshen, New London, Wilmot, Orange, Hebron, Plymouth, Holderness, Campton, Sandwich, Burton, to or near the south line of Conway. In a note on his map, Mr. Carrigain says: "A survey made in 1768 carried the eastern end of the Mason curve line ten miles further down; hence the straight line of 1TS7 runs to the S. W. corner of Rindge." In conformity to this statement, the straight line drawn on Belknap's map (1791) commences on the western end. in Rindge, and runs through Jaffrey, Peterborough, Greenfield, Frances- town, Weare, Hopkinton, Concord, Canterbury, Gilmanton, across Lake Winni- piseogee, Wolfeborough, Tuftonborough, to Ossipee.1 It will be seen that the difference in land between the two lines was well worth some litigation. The ad of June 28, 1787, quieted the titles of all bona fide purchasers of the lands in dispute. The Masonian proprietors held title to much of the land in the southern half of what is now Carroll county, and the controversy we have thus reviewed is a part of its history.

'The committee appointed to run this line says in its report to the House, February 1, 17ss, that they did run it bom " about 70 rods below Colonel Badger's house [Gilmanton] across a small part or corner of the Gore over Rattlesnake Island in Winncpeseochee I'oml to Wolfboroughj about 2 rods north of Ebeue/.er Horn's bairn, ami other places as noted on the plan."

50 History of Carroll County.

CHAPTER IX.

EARLY SETTLERS.

Character of Early Settlers of New Hampshire — Concerning the Houses, Manner of Living, etc. — " The Meeting-house " — Minister — Traveling — Labor — Children — Carroll Count}' Pioneers — Hardships — Privations — Sufferings — Education — Dress, etc.

CHARACTER of Early Settlers of New Hampshire. — The people of Carroll county, as well as those of the other counties of the state, have a personal interest in the characters and aims of the early settlers of New Hampshire. It is of interest to them and their descendants whether the early proprietors and settlers were actuated merely by a sordid love of gain, or whether, with the business enterprise they manifested, there was not also a design to plant on these lands the Christian religion and to uphold the Chris- tian faith. Were we to believe all that was said by the men of the Massachusetts Colony, we would pronounce them godless, lawless persons " whose chief end was to catch fish." Rev. James de Normandie, in his excellent " History of Portsmouth," in speaking of the long and bitter controversy on this subject, says : " All of the proprietors interested in the settlement were of the Established Church, and it was only natural that all of the settlers who came out with them should be zealous in that faith. Gorges and Mason, Godfrie and Neal, Gibbons and Chadbourne, and Williams, and all the names appearing on the colonial records, were doubt- less of this faith. Among the earliest inventories of the colony's goods we find mention of service-books, of a flagon, and of cloths for the communion table, which show that provisions for worship were not neglected, and of what form the worship was." Gorges, in defending his company from various charges before the English House of Commons, asserts that " I have spent c£ "20,000 of my estate and thirty years, the whole flower of my life, in new discoveries and settlements upon a remote continent, in the enlargement of my country's commerce and dominions, and in carrying civilization and Christianity into regions of savages." In Mason's will were instructions to convey 1,000 acres of his New Hampshire estate " for and towards the maintenance of an honest, godly, and religious preacher of God's Word, in some church or chapel or other public place appointed for divine worship and service within the county of New Hampshire;" together with provisions for the support of a "free grammar school for the education of youth." No better proofs could be given

Early Skttlkks. ;,\

that the aspirations of these energetic men, from whom many of the citizens of

this county claim descent, were high, moral, and religious.

Concerning the houses, manner of living, etc., of the early inhabitants of New Hampshire, Professor Sanborn says: "The primitive log-house, dark, dirty, and dismal, rarely outlived its first occupant. The first framed houses were usually small, low, and cold. The half-house, about twenty feet square, satisfied the unambitious. The double house, forty by twenty feet in dimensions, indicated progress and wealth. It was designed for shelter, not for comfort or elegance. The windows were small, without blinds or shutters. The fireplace was suffi- ciently spacious to receive logs of three or four feet in diameter, with an oven in the back and a line nearly large enough to allow the ascent of a balloon. One could sit in the chimney-corner and see the stars. All the cooking was done by this fire. Around it also gathered the family at evening, often numbering from six to twelve children. The furniture was simple and useful, all made of the wood of the native forest trees. Pine, birch, cherry, walnut, and the curled maple were most frequently chosen by the 'cabinet-maker.' Vessels of iron, copper, and tin were used in cooking. The dressers, extending from floor to ceiling in the kitchen, contained the mugs, basins, and plates of pewter which shone upon the farmer's board at the time of meals. The post of the house- wife was no sinecure. She had charge of the dairy and kitchen, besides washing and mending for the ' men-folks,' spinning and weaving, sewing and knitting. The best room, often called the 'square or spare room,' contained a bed, a bureau or desk, or a chest of drawers, a clock, and, possibly, a brass fire- set. Its walls were entirely destitute of ornament. It was an age of simple manners and industrious habits. Contentment, enjoyment, and longevity were prominent characteristics of that age. Prior to 1820, there were nearly four hundred persons who died in New Hampshire between the ages of ninety and a hundred and live years. Fevers and epidemics sometimes swept away the people, but consumption and neuralgia were then almost unknown. Their simple diet and active habits were conducive to health.

"' The meeting-house1 was a framed building. Its site was a high hill; its shape a rectangle, flanked with heavy porticoes, with seven windows upon each side. Every family was represented here on the Sabbath. The clergymen, who were often the secular as well as the spiritual advisers, were settled by major vote of the town, and tax-payers were assessed for his salary according to their ability. The people went to church on foot or on horseback, the wife riding behind the husband on a •pillion.' Chaises, wagons, and sleighs were unknown. Sometimes whole families were taken to ' meeting ' on an ox-sled. The meeting-houses had no stoves or furnaces, so that the worshipers were dependent for their comfort upon the ardor of the minister's exhortations and the fervor of their own religious emotions. Traveling was difficult and laborious. Neither men nor women were ever idle. Books were few: news-

52 History of Carroll County.

papers were seldom seen at the country fireside. News from England did not reach the inland towns until five or six months after the occurrence of the events reported. Intelligence from New York reached New Hampshire in a week. In 1816 travel was mostly on horseback, the mail being so carried in many places.

" Inns or taverns in the thickest settlements were found in every four to eight miles. Feed for travelers' teams was : half-baiting of hay, four cents ; whole baiting, eight cents ; two quarts of oats, six cents. The bar-room fire- place was furnished with a loge/erhead, hot at all times, for making ' flip.' The ' flip ' was made of beer made from pumpkin dried on the crane in the kitchen fireplace, and a few dried apple-skins and a little bran. Half-mug ' flip,' or half-gill ' sling,' six cents. On the table was to be found a ' shortcake ' and the ever-present decanter or bottle of rum.

" Women's labor was fifty cents per week. They spun and wove most of the cloth that was worn. Flannel that was dressed at the mill, for women's wear, was fifty cents a yard ; men's wear, one dollar.

" Farmers hired their help for nine or ten dollars a month — some clothing and the rest cash. Carpenters' wages, one dollar a day ; journeymen carpenters, fifteen dollars a month ; and apprentices to serve six or seven years had ten dollars the first year, twenty the second, thirty the third, and so on, and to clothe themselves.

"Breakfast generally consisted of potatoes roasted in the ashes, a ' bannock ' made of meal and water and baked on a maple chip set before the fire. Pork was plenty. If ' hash ' was served, all ate from the same platter without plates or tablecloth. Apprentices and farm-boys had for supper a bowl of scalded milk and a brown crust, or bean porridge, or ' poprobin.' They had no tumblers, nor were they asked if they would have tea or coffee ; it was, ' Please pass the mug ! '"

The children of those days were expected to be quiet in the presence of their parents, and respectful in their manners and speech. " Early to bed and early to rise " was punctiliously enforced. Their food was plain, and with pure air and industrious habits they made stalwart men and long-lived women.

Carroll Count// Pioneers. — Two classes of persons, with very distinctly marked characteristics, penetrated this wilderness. The leaders were men of intelligence, energy, perseverance, and some had property. They had two objects in view: to furnish permanent homes for themselves and their posterity, and to acquire wealth by the rise of their lands. They brought horses, coWs, swine, and sheep, and could supply their tables with meat, and in a short time had comfortable houses. Many of these pioneers were people of limited means and but little of this world's goods, but their brave hearts and willing hands stood them in good stead, and they patiently endured privations, sufferings, and discouragements unknown at the present day.

K.um.y Settlers. 53

,Hardshiqp% of the Settlers. — It is difficult for the present generation to con- ceive the hardships of the pioneers who a century and 1 v ago invaded these

forest wilds and determined to wring a livelihood from lands upon which the shadows of mountains lay ai morn or eventide. Whether we read the accounts of the early inhabitants in Jackson, Conway, Bartlett, Albany, Ossipee, Sand- wich, Wakefield, Wolfeborough, etc., the trials are essentially the same. The perils of isolation, the fear of Indian raids, the ravages of wild beasts, the wrath of the rapid mountain torrents, the obstacles to communication which the vast wilderness interposed, — every form of discomfort and danger was apparently indieated h}r these grand mountains as impassable barriers to intru- sion and occupation. But the adventurous spirit of man, implanted by the Supreme Being for his own wise purposes, carries him into the tangled forest, into new climates, and to foreign shores, and the great work of civilization goes on from year to year, from decade to decade, from century to century, and these forest solitudes are transformed into smiling fields, with manufactories and villages scattered through the intersecting valleys.

Privations, eta. — Living at a distance of many miles from the seaporl towns, all heavy articles, such as salt, iron, lead, and in fact everything indis- pensable to civilized life that could not be procured from the soil or forest was obliged to be transported upon the backs of men or horses. One man once went eighty miles on foot through the woods to a lower settlement for a bushel of salt, the scarcity of which had produced sickness and suffering, and returned with it on his back. Several of the earliest settlers lived for years without any neighbors fur miles. One man was obliged to go ten miles to a mill, and would carry a bushel of corn on his shoulder, and take it back in meal. But often these brave men did not even have the corn to be ground : they were threat- ened with famine, and were obliged to send deputations thirty, fifty, and sixty miles to purchase grain. These families were tried by the freshets that tore up the rude bridges, swept off their barns, and even floated their houses on the meadows. On the Saco intervale, in the year 1800, a heavy rain swelled the river so that it iloated every cabin and shed that had been built on it.

Many times, when by their industry and hard work the settlers had accu- mulated provision for the future, the bears would come down upon them and steal their pigs or anything else they could take. Meal and water and dried fish without salt was often their diet for days, when game was shy or storms prevented hunting. Pluck, perseverance, and persistenc}'- were the cardinal virtues of these pioneers, and, endowed with strong and vigorous constitutions, they cultivated the spirit of endurance so necessary to their condition in life.

They suffered much from the inadequate legislation of those early times, and their patience was often tried to the utmost, when they sent petition alter petition to the legislature without receiving an answer until years had passed.

As soon as possible after these people had made rude habitations in which

54 History of Carroll County.

to abide, they would make arrangements for the preaching of the gospel and the education of their children. A primitive structure of rough logs was rolled up for a schoolhouse. This was lighted by an occasional pane of glass; and here their religious services were often held, and here the same desire for learning was kindled and fed as in the convenient and pretentious edifices of to-day. There were but few props and helps to climb the hill of learning, but many a man has taken his place among the cultured people of the land who was taught his A B C\s in just such a schoolhouse.

The dress of these pioneers was necessarily simple and of their own manu- facture. The women were obliged to work very industriously, so many duties devolved upon them. Many of them would work from eighteen to twenty hours a day. They would card and spin the wool from their sheep, weave and color it (in some primitive way), then cut and make their plain garments. They had neither the means nor opportunity for fine clothes, but they were dressed neatly and generally scrupulously clean. Before they raised sheep, the men wore garments made of mooseskin, and towcloth was also used largely for both men and women. No luxuries, no laces, no " lingerie," in which the women of the present take so much pride. Linen and tow were used instead of cotton, and dressed flax was to some extent an article of export.

Hard wood was cut from large tracts of land and burned to obtain ashes, which the early settlers leached and boiled into " salts," and carried where they could find a market. Those who had no team either drew their load by hand or carried it on their backs ; and the man who could not carry a hundred pounds on his back was not fit for a pioneer. Money was so scarce that the most that could be obtained went for taxes. In winter the snow was so fear- fully deep that the few families with their homes at some distance from each other could not keep the road or marked ways open, and consequently great suffering often ensued.

But these hardships, privations, and sufferings did not dwarf their intellects or diminish their physical powers, and a good character of solidity, intelligence, and industry has ever been connected with the inhabitants of this county. Men distinguished in the domains of law, literature, medicine, and science with just pride point to Carroll County as the place of their birth, while the county with equal pride claims them as her sons.

Primitive Manners and Customs.

CHAPTER X.

PRIMITIVE MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. BY 15. P. PARKER, ESQ.

Clearing Land — Planting — First Crops — Preparation of Flax — Carding — Garments — Booses — Modes of Traveling — Food — Primitive Cooking — "Driving" — Game— Liquors — Tools — Spinning — Loom and Weaving.

THE early inhabitants were generally small farmers, depending mainly on the animal products of their farms for their sustenance. In the winter some attention was given to the manufacture of staves and oars, with which a portion of their groceries were purchased. The early spring was devoted to sugar-making, while the principal part of the summer season was occupied in "clearing land" and raising crops. Trees were usually felled in June, as then they were in full leaf. The branches were "lopped" and the trees left to "dry" for several weeks. They were then set on fire, and the leaves and small branches burned. If it was intended to put the land into rye, the principal grain crop, the scorched trunks were at once "cut up" and "piled," and the "heaps burnt off." In piling and burning, the father and sons were frequently assisted by the female members of the family; and at the close of a day thus spent in " the lot " the whole group would have well passed for "contrabands." The ashes left from the burning heaps were gathered and sold to " the storekeeper," who had " a potash " connected with his little grocery. Sometimes the felled trees, after being " burned over," were permitted to remain until the following spring, when they were cut, piled, and burnt, and the land planted to Indian corn by the method termed "under the hoe;" the fanner, after removing a little of the burnt surface of the earth with a hoe, would loosen and raise a small portion of the soil. At the same moment a nimble boy or girl would deposit a few kernels of corn beneath the hoe, and the work of planting was completed. The crop would require little or no care until the harvest, but sometimes it would be necessary to cut down a few tender weeds. Early in the autumn, before gathering the corn, the land was sown with winter rye, which was "hacked in" with hoes. Subsequently grass seed was sown. The harvest of rye would come off in July or August of the following year, leaving the soil, if there had been a "good catch." which was usually the case, well swarded. The hay crop the succeeding year was

56 History of Carroll County.

generally very heavy. So rankly would it grow as to render the use of the rake in gathering it unnecessary.

Grain was threshed with flails in the fields on plats of earth rendered hard by beating. It was winnowed by being shaken in a strong current of air. That portion of it mixed with the earth was fed out to swine or used for seed. Sometimes threshing-floors were built of timber and boards. Corn was husked in the open air, and secured in eorncribs or small latticed buildings. Portions of the corn-fodder, straw, and hay were deposited in stacks, the barns, or, more properly, hovels, being too small to contain the whole. A roof of split-stuff, or boards, was usually placed over the stack.

Wheat, oats, and potatoes were but little cultivated. Turnips were a common crop. Flax was an important product. It did not succeed well on " burnt ground," and it was the custom with those who were making new farms to hire it grown on the plowed lands of the first settlers. It was harvested by being pulled from the roots and tied in small bundles. Then, after being exposed to the sun for a few days, the bolls were threshed to obtain the seed. Subsequently it was taken to the field and thinly spread on the surface of the ground, until the straw became so much rotted as to be easily broken. It was then gathered into bundles again and stored, where it usually remained until the early spring of the following year. March was accounted the best month for "-getting out flax." It was first "broken," by being repeatedly beaten in a machine with wooden knives, or teeth, termed a "break," until the straw was reduced to small fragments, leaving its external covering, a strong fibre, uninjured. It was then "swingled." This was done by suspending it beside an upright board fixed in a heavy log, and beating it with a large wooden knife, until the greater portion of the shives and coarser fibres was removed. It was then hackled, or combed, by being repeatedly drawn through a machine of strong pointed wires attached to a wooden base. It was sometimes again subjected to a similar process, a finer instrument being used. What remained was termed flax ; that which had been removed by the several processes, tow, of which there were three kinds — fine tow, coarse tow, and swingle tow. " To get out flax " required a certain degree of skill and practice, and persons who were adepts at the business were accustomed to go from place to place for that purpose. The manner of spinning flax was peculiar. It was first wound about a distaff made of the terminating twigs of the pine bough, fastened together in such a manner as to form a globular- shaped framework. This distaff was attached to a small wheel called a "linen wheel." This was moved with the foot, the hand being employed in drawing out the flax, and occasionally applying it to the lips, for the purpose of moistening it. Flax-spinning furnished an opportunity for a class of social interviews called "spinning-bees," when the women of a neighborhood would take their wheels to one house and spend the afternoon in busy labor and talk,

Primitive Manners \m> Customs. 57

permitting the friend whom they visited to have the benefil of their toil. Tow was carded with hand cards, and spun in a manner similar to wool. Swingle tow was used in the manufacture of meal-bags and straw ticks. Combed tow formed a pari of towels, coarse tablecovers, and common outer garments. Ii was sometimes used for under garments, in which case, it is said, flesh brushes and hair mittens were rendered unnecessary. Flax and woo] were the principal materials from which were manufactured the cloth and clothing of the family. Occasionally small purchases of cotton would be made, hut this was very little us.mI. Nut ciily was there a supply of (doth sufficient for home uses manu- factured, but also a little for sale. Hence, in setting up housekeeping, it was necessary to provide the young couple with a Large and a small spinning-wheel, a loom, reeds, harnesses, warping bars, spools, and quills. These were regarded as matrimonial fixtures, and a young woman was not considered as " fit to be married " until she had supplied her wardrobe, dining-room, and bed-chamber with the manufactures of her own hands.

Garments were made in the family. Sometimes a tailor would he applied to for the purpose of "cutting out" a coat. This was usually the only required aid from abroad. The rest of the household apparel was made by members of the family. In warm weather almost every one went barefooted. In the autumn the shoemaker with his kit, consisting of a hammer, a strap, and a few knives and awls wrapped up in his leather apron, went from house to 'house for the purpose of ''shoeing'* the several families, his employers furnishing the material — leather, thread, and bristles, and even the resin and tallow used in manufacturing the wax. Pie was also expected to provide a lapstone and lasts. If the latter were wanting, blocks of wood were shaped to accommodate the several members of the family. The cordwainer was generally a jovial fellow, full of fun and stories, and pretty sure to give the unlucky urchin who might chance to stand near his elbow a thrust in the ribs. Cattle were also frequently shod upon the farmer's premises. They were "cast" on beds of straw and securely hound, their feet pointing upward. In this position the shoes were secured to them.

Much of the woolen cloth designed for men's clothing was woven with a wale, and colored a yellowish brown with the bark of the yellow oak. Blue was a color greatly in vogue, and an indigo dye-pot was found in almost every chimney-corner. This color, however, was generally combined with some other in the manufacture of cloth. A "copperas color and blue check" was regarded as very desirable for female attire.

The clothing consisted principally of home manufactures. In winter the men sometimes wore deerskin garments, but more frequently short woolen frocks and trowsers. In summer the same style was preserved, hut the material changed, tow-and-linen being substituted for wool. Holiday garments were made of thick -full-cloth." Nearly every substantial citizen was the possessor

58 History of Carroll County.

of a grayish-white "great-coat," which lasted a lifetime. Boots were almost unknown, shoes and buskins being- worn in winter. The buskin was simply a footless stocking fastened to the shoe for the purpose of protecting the foot and lower part of the leg from the snow. The "go-to-meeting" dress of a woman consisted of a bonnet called a calash, which resembled a chaise-top, a short, loose gown, a skirt, an apron, and a handkerchief fastened about the neck. A hooded cloak, somewhat similar to the style of the present day, usually of a red color, was worn in winter. The stylish ladies wore straw bonnets; one, with an occasional bleaching, would last for a decade. They also dressed more elaborately than the common class. The Vandyke was also worn.

Shoes, and generally stockings, were worn to church. With many it would have been regarded as an unwarrantable waste to have worn shoes on the way. They were carried in the hand until the place of meeting was nearly reached, and then put on, to be taken off again on the return. Some of the more wealthy wore coarse shoes on the road, and exchanged them for " moroccos " when near the church door. Such carefulness was necessary in order that a person might preserve suitable apparel for holiday occasions, since a young woman with her week's wages could only purchase two yards of cotton print. "Fancy goods" bore a corresponding price.

The walls of many of the houses were constructed of logs, which, however, usually were hewn and the interstices between them filled with clay mortar. The better class of the people had frame-houses covered with rough boards and unpainted. The interior was seldom completely finished. The rooms were separated by a ceiling of boards, sometimes planed and occasionally paneled, but more frequently rough. Chimneys were built of rough stone, and topped with laths plastered with clay. In the better class of houses they were built of brick. In all cases they were very large and provided with spacious fire- places. The oven opened into the fireplace. In some instances it was built in the open air, but not frequently. These large chimneys were more easily constructed of coarse materials than smaller ones, and were also necessary on account of the large fires kept burning in the cold season. These fires could not be dispensed with, the houses being so openly constructed as to readily admit the open air. The hovels for the shelter of stock consisted of walls built of hewn logs fastened at the corners, and covered with a roof similar to that placed over the haystack.

The mode of traveling was principally on foot. Few horses were owned by the people. These were used for horseback riding. It was a common practice for two persons to ride at one time, usually a man and a woman — the man riding before on a saddle, and the woman upon a pillion attached to the saddle. Not unfrequently one child, and sometimes two children, would be carried at the same time. Wheel carriages were rarely used by the inhabitants. In

Peimitive Manners am» Customs. 59

the winter season sleds drawn bj horses and oxen were in common use. I sleds were also used for drawing hay from the fields and other burthens in the summer season.

The food of the people was quite simple. Rye and Indian corn were the principal grains raised. These were ground at the grist-mill, hut not bolted. The coarse bran was separated with a hand sieve, and when it was desirable t<> obtain tine flour, the silted meal was shaken in a fine sieve. Various hut simple were the ways of cooking these meals. Some of the methods are still in use. The « rye-and-Injun " Loaf will probably be retained to the latest posterity. One mode of preparing bread then very prevalent is now entirely out o\' use. the baking of bannocks. It was in this manner: Thick hatter was spread upon a plate or small sheet of iron, sometimes upon a bit of board, and set up edgewise before the kitchen fire. Where the family was large, a con- siderable many of these would be before the lire at the same time. Rude as this method may seem, it required some skill to properly manage the baking. (are must he taken that the bread did not burn or slide down on the hearth- stone. When one side was sufficiently baked, the bannock must be "turned," that the other side might he presented to the fire. To do this skilfully was regarded as a very desirable attainment. Meats were somewhat sparingly eaten. Beef and mutton could not well be afforded on account of the scarcity of eattle and sheep. Pork was not very abundant; for although almost every family kept swine, they were required to obtain their living by running at large during the summer season, and were but little fattened in the fall. Some wild meats were eaten, and a good supply of fish was obtained from the brooks, ponds, and lake.

One very common dish was "bean porridge," prepared by boiling meat, beans, and Indian corn together. "Boiled corn " was much eaten. The shelled kernels were first slightly boiled in weak lye, by which means the hulls were removed. They were then repeatedly rinsed in pure water in order to remove the alkaline matter, and afterwards subjected to several hours' boiling. When sufficiently cooked the corn was served up with milk or molasses. Roasted potatoes, boiled fish, and butter furnished a healthful repast. Boiled meat, turnips, and brown bread afforded a substantial dinner. Poultry, bacon, and were eaten to some extent. Puddings were very common. Fine meal bread, sweetened with maple sugar or West India molasses, and [ties sometimes graced the supper table. " Hasty pudding and milk" was a very common dish. especially for children.

This simple manner of living rendered the people of that time hardy and capable of performing a large amount of labor. It was not an uncommon thing for a man to fell an acre of trees in one day. To be sure, this was done in part by ••driving.*' as it was termed. This was the method: A considerable number of trees were cut partly off; then one very large and favorably situ-

60 History of Carroll County.

ated was selected, which in falling would strike others, and these again others, until scores, and perhaps hundreds, would come crashing down at the same time. Still it required much physical energy and strength to accomplish that amount of labor in so short ;i time. Piling was also very heavy work, and occasioned a lively competition. Two persons generally worked together, and it was regarded as disreputable for one to permit his end of the log to fall behind that of his fellow-laborer.

Hunting and fishing were the principal amusements of the settlers, and in this profit was chiefly considered. In the fall bears were quite troublesome in the eornfiehls, and were destroyed in various ways — sometimes by being caught in log traps, or by being shot with guns set for the purpose, and some- times by direct hunting. Their flesh in the autumn or early part of the winter was considered very good. In the winter deer were taken in considerable numbers. Other wild game was hunted ; some for flesh, some for fur, and others to prevent depredations on the growing crops or domestic animals. At this period liquors were in common use, although seldom drunk immoderately except on extraordinary occasions. When friends met at the store or at their own house, "a treat" was expected, and the storekeeper would have been regarded as niggardly who did not offer his customer a dram if he had made a considerable purchase. On all public occasions and social feasts liquors were provided, generally at the expense of the managers. Laborers, especially if the toil was uncommonly severe, expected their allowance of grog ; even the house- wife on washing day did not hesitate to take a " drop sweetened." It was always kept on hand for visitors, and however scanty and coarse might be the food offered, if the bowl of toddy or mug of flip was forthcoming the claims of hospitality were satisfactorily complied with. A bowl of toddy consisted of a half-pint of rum mixed with sugar and water, and was regarded a drink for four persons. A mug of flip was composed of the same materials but drunk warm. Town officers were supplied with liquor at the expense of the town, and frequently furnished it for persons calling at the town office on business. Sometimes the whole company present would be invited to drink. At the "vendue" of two vagrants in 1784, in Wolfeborough, twenty-one bowls of toddy were drunk at the expense of the town. At the sale of the pews of the Wolfeborough meeting-house in 1791, liquors were provided by the selectmen. Notwithstanding the general use of intoxicating drinks at this period, drunken- ness was not very common.

The axe was the universal and most important companion of a settler in a New England forest. This, as well as all other farming tools composed of iron or steel, was manufactured by the village blacksmith. It was usually quite heavy, and clumsily made. Sometimes it was broad on the edge, being shaped somewhat like the broad-axe. The hoe consisted of a small plate of hammered iron, to which was fastened a socket. Through this the handle was put, and

I'uimitivi; Mannkks and Cist. .ms. 61

fastened with wedges. The shovel was made of firm wood, and the blade occasionally bordered with iron, or "shod." The "plo\>* irons" consisted of two parts, the colter and the " chip-and-wing," or share. The "wood-work" was made at the farmer's house. In constructing it timber was nol sparingly

used. Tl Eurrow-board " was taken from a winding tree. The plow, being

short and clumsy, would nol well turn the sward, but seemed to be designed mainly for rooting. It was. however, an implement not much needed, as most

of the cereal and root crops were raised Oil a "burn." The harrow was made

of the forking branches of a tree, into which wooden teeth were driven.

It has been before said that hay was drawn to the stack or hovel upon sleds. This was usually the case. Sometimes a sledge was used. This consisted of two Ion-- poles, fastened together with cross-bars. The lighter ends of the poles were attached to a horse, while the others dragged on the ground. The first attempt to manufacture wheels was in this manner: Large trucks were formed of plank. Two of these were placed together in such a position that the grains of wood in one would cross those of the other, and fastened with tree-nails.

( )n tl utside of this apology for a wheel was fixed a cleat of ver}r firm wood

on which the axle might rest. Block wheels followed these. They were constructed much like those used at the present time, only the felloes were much larger and were not ironed.

The flail with which grain was threshed consisted of two stout cudgels fastened together with a cord or leathern string. The one held in the hand was called "the staff," and was a little longer than the other, which was termed the •• swingle." It was quite common for two persons to thresh together, each striking the grain alternately arid with equal rapidity. Occasionally the flail string would break, throwing the swingle high in the air, which in its descent was liable to give the laborer a blow on the head. One grindstone and a cross- cut saw generally answered for an entire neighborhood. The principal mechanical tools owned by a farmer were, with the exception of the axe, a gouge and a pod-auger. The gouge was a necessary accompaniment of the auger, as it wa^ difficult to enter wood with the auger until a hole was first made with the gouge. Besides these were the frow, an elongated wedge used in riving timber, and the shave. These last-mentioned tools were \\sv(\ chiefly in manufacturing shingles, which were then rived and shaven, and were much superior to those of the present time obtained by sawing.

In preparing wool, cotton, and tow for spinning, it was necessary that tl substances should first be formed into "rolls" with hand cards. These rolls were a little more than a foot in length; those of wool and cotton being round, and those of tow flattened. Carding parties were quite common, when several neighbors would each take a small bundle of wool, or more frequently cotton. and a pair of cards, and spend the afternoon in forming rolls, taking tea with the family which they visited. It was nearly as much labor to caul as to spin

62 History of Carroll County.

a certain quantity of the raw material. Wool, cotton, and tow were spun on a ••hum' wheel.'" This machine consisted of a narrow bench standing on the legs, the forward end being more elevated than the back. At the forward end were two small posts nearly perpendicular. To these was attached an iron or steel spindle, kept in plaee with " ears," formed of hemlock twigs or corn husks. At the hack pari of the bench arose another small post inclining backward. Near the top of this was a short axle on which revolved a broad-rimmed wheel about four feet in diameter. A band of twisted yarn passed from the wheel to a grooved "whirl" on the spindle. In spinning the roll was taken in the left hand and attached to the spindle; at the same moment a brisk motion was given to the wheel with the right hand, the spinner slowly stepping back and drawing out a thread of yarn. Usually a small wooden pin was carried in the right hand with which the wheel was moved. This was called a " wheel-pin."' The yarn was wound from the spindle .with a reel into skeins. Each skein consisted of seven knots of forty threads, and each thread was required to be six feet long, so that a skein of yarn was one continuous thread 1,680 feet in length. It was a daily stint to spin five skeins of wool yarn, or to card and spin three skeins. A woman performing this amount of labor usually received fifty cents a week and board. The yarn intended for warp was subsequently wound on spools, which were hollow cylinders of wood, with a ridge at each end. This was done in the following manner: The skein of yarn was stretched on a "swift," or revolving reel, and the spool was placed on the spindle of the wheel before described. Then, by a continuous turning of the wheel, the yarn was transferred from the swift to the spool. The spools were then set in a frame called a "spool frame/' being kept in their places with small wooden rods, and the threads from the several spools were carried collectively around wooden pins set in another frame called " warping bars." This process was denominated warping, and was the last step preparatory to putting the yarn in the loom for weaving.

The loom to be found in almost every farmhouse consisted of a stout frame of wood about six: feet long, five feet broad, and five feet high. At one end was a large cylinder around which the warp was wound. This was called the '•yarn beam." At a little distance from this was suspended " the harness," con- nected with cords to pulleys above and treadles below. The harness was made by connecting two slender shafts with numerous threads. By knotting these threads of twine, ••eves'* were formed through which the threads of the warp were carried separately. Near the harness and immediately before it hung the lathe. This was a wooden frame, the upper part of which rested on the timbers of the Loom in such a manner that it could easily be swung forward and backward. At the lower part were two cross-bars, one of which was movable. Between these cross-bars, which were grooved on the inner edges, was fixed the "slaie," now usually termed the reed. This was a frame three or

Roads. 63

four feel Long mid four inches broad, in which were set, in an upright position, small slips of reed or minute slats. The threads of the warp were drawn through the interstices between these slats, then carried over a square timber called the "breast beam," and finally connected with a small cylinder called the "cloth beam," situated in the lower part of the loom. Fronting the breasl beam was placed a high scat for the weaver. The " treadles " (in weaving