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PUBLIS SHED MONTILL aL ey:

OF THE

4 RD oe AGRICULTURE

OCTOBER, ISU.

PRINCIPAL CONTENTS.
(-ur Com l-te List of Contets s.¢ pase vil.)

Pp motion of Agricultural Research - 545
ercial Asparagus Cultivation. /. C. ne re IS: 554
CW and their Sn aiion, W. ee ee more and |

is Okey - - :

557

Edoapd

- - 589
States 591

Ms - - 607
B Cron and Number of Live Stock, 1914 . - 608
1ditions in Great Britain on October tst_ - - 610
Crop Prospects Abroad - - - - a Odo
e of Animal Diseases cn the Continent 615
| Labour in England during September 616
Markets in September. ie Pas jack HOM D (- - 617

i
Tables, He : : ‘ 4 : : : -)) 623

by Kh LAY is SONS, ati ay at ee STRENT, STAMFORD SHER 1, S.E,
PUBLIL SHED: By tHe BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES,

AGENTS FOR ADVERTISEMENTS

sj ae oh Ea LAUGHTON & Co., Limited,
ENCE.] [au rights eset. | 3, WELLINGTON STREET, SFRAND,
Pie ames W.C.

THE JOURNAL OF THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisome

Standard

Horticultural
Accessories

Compare any ‘‘Enots” article with
the imitation. Note how well and
substantially made the ‘‘ Enots” one
is; see and appreciate its exclusive,
useful features; observe the work-
manlike finish. :
Your sound judgment will then tell
you whether the ‘‘Enots” is the
better article or not, though the imi-
tation may be slightly cheaper.

“‘Enots’’ Specialities have
86 years’ reputation, for
Quality, Service, and Value
for money. Catalogue free.

Benton & Stone,

Established 1825,

The Highest

To LIPP ERS blokes a

BRACEBRIDCE ST., BIRMINGHAM.

GENTLEMEN!

of INVENTING —

COD LIVER OIL CONDIM!

Beware of unscrupulous compet
who, by boastful announcem
even copying Tippers’ origina
attempt to create a false impre
of origination.

List free with pleasure.

B. C. TIPPER & SON, The Veterinary Chemic
Birmingham.

ra

SPECIAL OF]
THIS | SEAS‘

SEND FOR LIST AND Pa :

aera
in Full.

tide
iD

, - = -

E Appointed by

In all
“Sizes to Suit

Potatoes groun without Vaporite.

| Read what a large practical farmer
} ‘ites :—

“T beg to say that I am very pleased

| deed with the Vaporite which you

) \pplied to me. The ton T had from

} ulast Spring I had put upon a piece

‘ground in which all previous crops

ad “clubbed ’’ very badly, but

) 2er givine it a dressing with your

} porite, I had a very good crop

| deed , and I feel highly satisfied
1 pb the results.”

J. K., Tamworth.

THE VAPORITE-STRAWSON CO.;

for the destruction § of
Wireworms, Leather-
jackets, Sijugs, and
other Soil Pests,
which work so much havoc
on crops of all kinds. To
protect autumn-sown crops
it should be

USED NOW WHEN
PLOUGHING

at the rate of 2 to 3 cwt.
peracre. Fullinstructions
in every cask.

The Company will be pleased to
send, post free, a copy of their
Illustrated Booklet No. 50,
dealing with Vaporite and its
uses, on receipt of card.

THE JOURNAL OF THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE,.—Advertisements. i

Royal Warrant,

ES’

Every
Requirement.

LOUGHS « CULTIVATORS

Catalogues Free on Application to

/ANSOMES, SIMS ¢ JEFFERIES, Ltd.,

ORWELL WORKS, IPSWICH.

APORITE

IS THE ORIGINAL
SOIL INSECTICIDE

Grown with Vaporite.

SOLD IN CASKS.

Trial quantities, iis. 6d.

per cwt. ;

4 ton lots, £9 15s. per ton;
2 ton lots or over, £9

per ton;
Carriage Paid,

LTD.,

7 * aie K), ee House, South place London, E.C.

a

il THE JOURNAL OF THE BOARD UF AGRICULTURE.— Advertisements.

H. & E. M’GRATH

CATTLE SHEDS.
OFFICES :
Milford Street, LIVERPOOL.
Great Howard St., LIVERPOOL.

HAY & PROVENDER
DEALERS.

LIVE STOCK SHIPPING AGENTS

p@- Every attention given to
enquiries from breeders wishing
to export animals.

Shipments made. Insurance
effected. Stock well cared for
in our own sheds.

Telegraphic Address: ‘‘ ANIMALS, LIVERPOOL.”
Telephone 1963 and 1944.

Address Letters to—

H. & E. M’GRATH,

Milford St., LIVERPOOL.

TREES

FOR HOME

FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREES, FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS,

Comprising one of the Largest, Hardiest, Healthiest, and most select stocks in Europe

Inspection invited.

GRASS SEEDS for all Purposes, Situations, and Soils. ROOT §&

FLOWER SEEDS.
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION.

LITTLE & BALLANTYNE, ie ieee Evtablishingae,

SEED GRAIN from Pedigree Stocks.
VEGETABLE SEEDS.

Established 1812.

FARMERS’ FRIEf”

are always open to Purchase Regb K

Re hie 5 fe

ESTABLISHED 1838.

WHEAT Sf SOWINE:

Bikos, ROOKS. enh,

DOWN'S

in sec

ust
irks of

THE GREAT

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And well-known Preventive of

T
SMUT IN WHEA
BARLEY, OATS, &c.|)

THE BEST & CHEAPEST SEED DRESIN
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Price 7d. per pack

After the Seed Corn has been drape
with DOWN’S FARMERS’ FRIEND, it cape
it to become obnoxious and distasteme
Rooks, Small Birds, and other farm p
A7d. packetis sufficient for Six bushels o}@t

Proprietor and Manufacturer :

FRED“ W. Dowl!
WOBURN SANDS, BEDS.

q
THE WILTS UNITED DAIRIES, ["

100, KENSAL ROAD, |
Westbourne Park, W.)_

Dairies of well-cooled Mil”

AND EXPORT.

SEED POTADI
BULBS, &c., &e. | am

CAR

THE JOURNAL OF THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. — Advertisements. ili

ive Foresters and Bruit, Growers’ Priend. Weeds, Moss, Lichen on Carriage Drives, &c.

MEAROLEUWM, RIDOWEED.

No. 1. Anti-Rodent Smear, (Practically Non-Poisonous. )

otecting Young Plantations, Forests, Fruit & Orna-

al Trees, &c., from Rabbits and other Ground Game, No. 1. The Safest and Most Powerful
| Horses, Cattle, Deer, &c.

2. Insecticide Smear, or Tree Grease, WEED KILLER.

for Protection of Fruit Trees, &c.

OMAS & Co.’s Preparations are used on the largest Estates in the Kingdom, and in
‘Parks of His Majesty’s Government and the King’s Nurseries, and also by the
French and American Governments.

Particulars, uith Directions for Use, and Users’ Opinions, on application to the Sole Makers :

HOMAS & Co., Ltd., Ceres Works, LIVERPOOL.

Telegraphic Address: ‘‘“ARBORISTS, LIVERPOOL.” Telephone; 3807 ROYAL.

THE WORLD’S FAMOUS

EDIGREE WHEATS

RAISED, ta a ial and GROWN

JOHN K. KING & SONS?

7 ESSEX SEED FARMS

WN | ARE |

\ THE HEAVIEST in CROPPING
= anD THE BEST iw QUALITY.

. Illustrated Descriptive Catalogues Post Free.

S SSS

NHN K. KING & SONS, The Royal Seedgrowers, Coggeshall, Essex.

LIMITED.

IRON dais

on Request.

139 & 141 Cannon Street, ,
LONDON, E.C.

Please mention this Journal.

iv THE JOURNAL OF THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.— Advertisements. |

“A TRUE PLANT
FOOD.”

Gives immense in-
crease in CORN,
ROOT, and
GRASS CROPS
MARKET
GARDEN

CROPS,

HOPS.

Can be
bought from
all Leading
Dealers in
Manures.

Pamphlets gratis
from the

Chilean Nitrate
Committee,
FRIARS HOUSE,
New Broad Street,
LONDON, E.C.

PLEASE MENTION THIS JOURNAL.

“CERES”

*

ROTPROOF & WATERPROOF |

COVERS|

‘“The best for estate and farm purposes.’

For WAGGONS, ENGINES,
-—_— MACHINES, &c.

J. Rands & Jeckell,|

IPSWICH.

Manufacturers. by Royal Warrant to H.M. the King. |

aects*

Insist

“

ERED TRADE “an
«.

UR OAKS

Reliable Gold Medal

LIMEWASHING Al.

SPRAYING MACHIN

Patent Knapsack Sprayer.

#=- A purchaser writes :—“ With one of your x
I have limewashed in one and a half ho

previously took me three days.”

THE “ FOUR OAKS” SPRAYING MACHIN GL

No. 200, Sutton Coidfield, Birming

101 ‘*FOUR OAKS”’ Gold Medal

Invaluak

for Spra’
Potato
Fruit

Charl
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Sheep

also for
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45
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Parts ¢
“FOUR 0
LIME WA
“ Royal’’|

as illustil

18)

Other Pa

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39/
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57/|

ILL Liv

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and three
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face in 5 n

5)

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Te ~
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The Liggras
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cracksand}
which ca
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Comp
Catalog

free ||
applica

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ov

Kt

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iS eae a SpE Par oa ee See ce eee eee , sm RE ae

Vv

PUBLICATIONS OF THE BOARD OF
AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES.

Annual Reports and other Publications presented to Parliament.—A
complete list of these publications and of the leaflets can be obtained on application
to the Secretary, Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, 4, Whitehall Place,
London, 8S. W.

The following is a list of recent publications which are to be purchased, either
directly, or through any Bookseller, from any of the following Agents, viz. :—

WYMAN & SONS, Lorp., Ferrer Langs, FLEET Street, H.C. ;
OLIVER & BOYD, Epinsurcu ; or E. PONSONBY, 116, Grarron St., DuBLiIn

| | -
Title of Publication. ) Price. Poinueben
Annual Reports :—
Agricultural Statistics, Part I (Acreage and east cee
Live Stock) - - - - - - - 1910 |. 0: 5% | - €d.:5515
Agricultural Statistics, PartII(Produceof Crops) 1910 0 5 «© Cd. 5604
Agricultural Statistics, Part III (Prices and |
Supplies) - - - : : - - 1910 0-29 Cd. 5786
Agricultural Statistics, Part IV (Colonial and
Foreign Statistics) - - - - SOOO Ou ei Cd 5169
Proceedings under the Diseases of Animals Acts 1910 1 0 Cd. 5606
Land Division, Part I (Small Holdings) - 19102) 0 3$|~ Cd. 5615
Do. Part II (Allotments and Mis- |
cellaneous) - é z : : - 1OTO 2 Onc. 3 Cd. 5648
Proceedings under Tithe, Copyhold, Inclosure, |
Drainage and other Acts — - - - - 1910 | 0 43 Cd. 5689
Distribution of Grants for Agricultural Educa-
tion =s- - - - 1908-1908 & 1909-1910 | 0 74 Cd. 5388
Progress of the Ordnance Survey -. - 1909-1910 | 3 8 Cd. 5241
Annual Report. of the Intelligence Division,
Part I (Food and Drugs, &c.) _ - : - 1910 | 0 6 Cd. 5665
Part II (Destructive Insects and Pests, |
Ceili sii asa or 1909-1910, 015 Cd. 5470
Proceedings under the Salmon and Freshwater | |
Fisheries Acts, &c. - - - - 1909 0 41). Cd. 5400
Proceedings under Acts relating to Sea Fisheries 1909 2 0 Cd. 5874
Supplements to the Journal :— |
No. 5—Influence on the Production of
Mutton of Manures applied to Pasture - 1911 | 0 4 | ==
No. 6—Report on the Work of the Inter- | |
national Agricultural Institute - - 1911 0 4 | —
Reports of Departmental Committees :-— |
Epizootic Abortion, Report. Part I. - 1909 OSs) 7 Cd. 4742
Do. Appendix - - - - 1909 O 5% Cd. 4863
Do. Report. Part Il. - = USTOM Ral 7.0 Cd, 5179
Swine Fever, Interim Report. - - - - 1911 0 2 Cd. 5671
Do. Minutes of Evidence, Index, and
Appendix - - - - 1911 3.9 Cd. 5680
Pay and Classification of the Ordnance Survey
Staff, Report - Se hie - - = 1911 0 3 Cd. 5825
Do Appendices, Index, and Analysis of
Evidence - - - : - JOT | stl29 Cd. 5826
Grouse Disease, Report - - - : LOM EOF ES Cd. 5871

Leaflets.—Single copies of the leaflets issued by the Board can be obtained free
of charge on application as above. Leaflets Nos. 1 to 100 and Leaflets Nos.

101 to 200 are issued, bound in stiff boards, price 6d. each volume post free.

The leaflets up to No. 200 are also issued in twelve sectional volumes, each
section containing those dealing with closely related subjects, price ld. per

volume, post free.

A Return of Market Prices of Fat and Store Stock, Dairy Cattle, Meat,
Provisions, Fruit, Vegetables, Hay and Straw at certain representative Markets in
Great Britain is issued every Saturday containing Reports of Markets up to the
preceding Thursday.

Price One Penny per copy, to be obtained either directly or through any book-
seller, from Wyman & Sons, Lrp., Fetter Lane, E.C.; Oxtver & Boyp,
Hdinburgh; or E. Ponsonsy, 116, Grafton Street, Dublin. .

A copy will be sent regularly as issued, by the publishers, for three, six,or twelve

months, on payment ofa subscription, including postage, at the rate of 6s. 6d. per
annum.

vl THE JOURNAL OF THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements,

THE WONDERFUL RESULTS | ;

|
OBTAINED BY SOWING |

TOOGOOD’S BETTER SEED |;

{
f

WHEAT & OATS):

are evidenced for YOU by many hundreds of unsolicited letters similar to the following

‘¢ GENTLEMEN, Loampits, Bisley, lst August, 1911. 1
You may be interested in the result of my crop of Black
Tartarian Oats, grown from seeds purchased from you. The crop
is being photographed, as it is judged by experts in agriculture |
to be the sight of the year in this neighbourhood. The straw is I \
stout, well grown and proportionate, some of it being over 6 ft. _
long including the ears, while some of the ears measure from wt

10 to 123 ins. in length. It is estimated to produce KIGHTY

BUSHELS PER ACRE.
I remain, Gentlemen, Som
Faithfully yours,
G. PAYNE, Captain.”

Write for Free Samples of
TOOGOOD’S BETTER SEED WHEAT AND SEED OATS
and see for yourself. There is no obligation to buy.
EVERY SEED SOLD ON APPROVAL if you get it from

| TOOGOOD & SONS, souTHAmPToON

NITROLI

is cheaper per unit of

(fila

>

nitrogen than either mz
Sulphate of Ammonia, Nee
Nitrate of Soda or s
— Nitrate of Lime. — by
Seana Notes

For price and particulars of Nitrolim, apply to—
Peery

MANURE MANUFACTURERS,

or their (Agents throughout England, Scotland,
Ireland and Wales.

‘WOOD FENCING

FARM BUILDINGS & GATES —
DURABLE: ECONOMICAL

NO PAINT-OR TAR REQUIRED |
SEND FOR OUR FREE ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE

ENGLISH BROS. | -
: WISBECH |

PLEASE MENTION THIS PAPER ¢|

Pamphlets, &c., gratis of

NORTH-WESTERN CYANAMIDE Co., Ltd.,

40, EASTCHEAP, LONDON, E.C.

are

CONTENTS.

THE PROMOTION OF Nel icunron in RESEARCH
CoMMERCIAL ASPARAGUS CULTIVATION. J, C. ane PES:

WILLOWS AND THEIR CULTIVATION. W. Paulgrave Ellmore and Thomas
Okey |

THE CREATION OF SMALL HoLDINGS FOR AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS IN
DenMaRK. Dr. R. Raeder

LAVENDER GROWING

THE DESTRUCTION OF BRACKEN ...

HEATHER BURNING ...

ENGLISH AND AUSTRALIAN LAYING ComPETITIONs. Hdward Brown, F.L.S.
Number of Co-operative Societies in Denmark ...

Agricultural Experiment Stations in the United States

Lime for Agricultural Purposes

Summary of Agricultural Experiments ...

The Lime in Basic Slag—Effect of Hee ay Nitroveneous Mauriug
on the Quality of the Sugar Beet—Continuous Growing of Crops—
Manuring of Mangolds—Manurial Experiments—The Best Seed
of Potato Oats—Varieties of Oats—Soy Bean Meal, Cocoa-nut
Cake, and Linseed Cake for Dairy Cows—Milk Records—Churn-
ability of Cream—Destruction of Wild Radish by Nitrate of Lime—
Germination Experiments with Weed Seeds—Resemblance between
Crown Gall and Nitrogen-Fixing Nodules— Prevention of Finger-
and-Toe in Turnips—Potato Spraying—Varieties of Apples for
Cider-making and Effect of a Wet Season—Varieties of Apples,
Pears and Plums—Pruning of Apples and Pears—Manuring of
Apple and Pear Trees—Pruning of Gooseberries.

Official Notices and Circulars
Circular Letter as to Swine Fever sanerican, Coceeberny Mildew
Order of 1911—Outbreaks of Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

Importation Regulations
Importation into Russia, fee of Duty, of Brepacations for Sombating

Plant Diseases—Importation of Live Stock into Ireland—Importa-

tion of Potatoes into South Africa.

Agricultural Exhibition Abroad .
International Exhibition ae iened in 1913.

Notes on the Weather in September
Area under Crops and Number of Live Stock, 1911
Crop Conditions in Great Britain on October Ist ...

Notes on Crop Prospects Abroad
Report of the International Agricultural Institute—Argentina—
Canada—United States—France—Beet-root Crop in Russia—Hops
—Potato Crops on the Continent.

Prevalence of Animal Diseases on the Continent
Agricultural Labour in England during September ...
THe Corn Markets IN SEPTEMBER. OC, Kains-Jackson

THE Live AND DEAap Meat TRADE IN SEPTEMBER. A. 7’. Matihews

Tue Provision TRADE IN SEPTEMBER. Hedley Stevens

Prices of Agricultural Produce ...

Diseases of Animals

Additions to the Library ...

603

606

iy

vii THE JOURNAL OF THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. b

BY APPOINTMENT BY APPOINTMENT

So SS Se ‘4

FISONS’

(IPS WICH)

FERTILIZERS

“THE BEST IN THE WORLD.” |
Write for full particulars of Autumn Fertilizers for ‘
WHEAT, |
OATS,
BEANS and
GRASS.

a
> —-

ine a ins

=” te
as

Special carriage paid quotations given.

JOSEPH FISON & CO., LrD.

IPS WicH.

Heo lish. <==
oe gl

Covered Yards for Cattk
We Specialise in all kinds of ECONOMICAL —
STEEL ROOFING for FARMS and ESTATES. —

Cart Sheds, StocK Yards, Iron nal Wire Fencing | L

Drawings and Estimates Free.

BOULTON & PAUL, Ltd., NORWICL

a >

THE JOURNA

OF THE

_ BOARD OF AGRICULTURE

Vol. XVIII. No. 7.

OCTOBER, 1911.

THE PROMOTION OF AGRICULTURAL
RESEARCH.

The Treasury, on the recommendation of the Development
Commissioners, have sanctioned the Grant to the Board from
the Development Fund of a sum not exceeding £33,000 per
annum for the promotion of Agricultural Research.

The scheme approved by the Commissioners provides for
Research in eleven groups of subjects, which cover more or
less completely the whole field of agriculture. The work on
_ each group will be concentrated at one, or in a few cases at
_ two, Agricultural Research Institutions. Special investiga-
___ tions for which provision cannot be made at one of these
Institutions will form the subject of separate grants.

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS.

2 Pin making arrangements for the separate investigation, as
a far as possible, of each group of subjects, the Commissioners
_ and the Board have been impressed with the importance of
- securing continuity in work which is necessarily of consider-
a able duration, and of providing staffs of specialists and experts
F who will be permanently engaged on work of the same class.
BY By this means concentration and economy of effort will be
better secured than it would be if a number of Institutions
were dealing at the same time with the same subjects.
4 , It is neither desirable nor possible to prevent all over-
Be epping or duplication of research work, but it is necessary
é _ to proceed on a plan by which unnecessary expenditure on
such work out of public funds will be avoided. It is also

Ee ¢ desirable that each group of subjects should be undertaken by
a Pp

546 PROMOTION OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH. [OCT.,

the Institution best fitted to deal with it, and usually by the
Institution which has specially devoted its attention to
problems of an allied nature. : :

It is also important to avoid the giving of undue attention
to one part of the field of agricultural research to the exclusion
of other parts which are of equal scientific and economic
importance.

It has been arranged that grants shall be made for research
in the following groups of subjects :—

1. Plant Physiology.
2. Plant Pathology.
3. Plant Breeding.
4. Fruit Growing, including the practical treatment of
plant diseases. |
Plant Nutrition and Soil Problems.
Animal Nutrition.
Animal Breeding.
Animal Pathology.
Dairying.

10. Agricultural Zoology.

11. Economics of Agriculture.

A sum not exceeding in the aggregate £30,000 per annum
has been set aside for the purpose. This sum is intended to
provide aid for two Research Institutions for Plant Breeding,
two for Animal Pathology, two for Agricultural Zoology, one
Research Institution and two or three local experimental
gardens for Fruit Growing, and one Research Institution for
each of the other groups of subjects except Animal Breeding.
In the case of Animal Breeding it has been resolved to post-
pone, for the present, the formation of an Institution, but —
grants in aid of this work at one or two centres will be avail-
able.

The maximum grants for research sanctioned by the
Treasury will only become available when the institutions to
be aided have arranged a full programme of work. Until the 4
staff has been completed, and all preliminary requirements —
such as buildings and equipment have been satisfied, tem-
porary grants in aid of expenditure will be paid. The firstam™
requirement in each case will be the preparation of a detailed |
scheme showing what provision would be necessary in order |

COI DY

1911.| PROMOTION, OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH. 547

that a group of subjects may be adequately treated. When
these schemes have been submitted by the institutions con-
cerned, provisional Research Grants will be allocated as the
necessities of the case may require.

Character of the Research Work.

The Development and Road Improvement Funds Act, 19009,
provides that the Development Fund is to be used, inter alia,
for “aiding and developing agriculture and rural industries
by promoting scientific research, instruction and experiments
in the science, methods, and practice of agriculture.’ The
expression “agriculture and rural industries” is defined as
including “agriculture, horticulture, dairying, the breeding
of horses, cattle, and other live stock and poultry, the cultiva-
tion of bees, home and cottage industries, the cultivation and
preparation of flax, the cultivation and manufacture of
tobacco, and any industries immediately connected with and
subservient to any of the said matters.”

It would be quite impracticable in the case of an art which,
like agriculture, may be served by many branches of science,
to attempt to frame a list of subjects that might properly
engage the attention of investigators. And if sucha list were
practicable it would be undesirable that an attempt should
now be made to compile it, for it is clear that in many
branches of scientific work the only person qualified to form
an opinion as to the practical bearing of a particular investiga-
tion may be the investigator himself. Such being the case,
it is of the greatest importance that the staff of those Research
Institutions to which grants are made from the Fund should
keep steadily in view the requirements of the Act, and refuse
to be Satisfied with their work unless it results in some
development of agriculture.

_In view of the fact that there is much work to be done in

applying known scientific principles to the service of agri-
culture, those responsible for guiding the work of the younger

men who will be employed under the scheme should give the

preference to work the results of which are likely to be definite.

There is, for example, a wide field for the application of

Mendelian principles in breeding new types of plants, and

there are many insect and fungus pests which if studied by
IP IE

548 PROMOTION OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH. [OCT.,

men trained in scientific methods would cease to be the cause
of much loss to the farmer and gardener.

Reports on Work.

It is not intended that periodical reports for publication
shall be required from Research Institutions. Each scientific
worker will, as a rule, be expected to contribute the results
of his work, so soon as it may be sufficiently advanced, to a
British scientific journal for publication. He will be ex-
pected to secure the acceptance of his work by the journals
which circulate chiefly among scientific readers specially
interested in the subject of his research, so that State-aided
scientific work may have the advantage of the criticism of
the scientific public. |

In certain cases the work may be published by an Institu-
tion in the form of periodical scientific memoirs or in book
form; but for the present this course would not usually be
desirable, and the cost of such publications should not be
charged to the Research Grants without the express sanction —
of the Board, which will only be even, in exceptional cir-
cumstances:

As soon as any statement as to research work has been pub-
lished, each writer will be required to supply to the Board a
short article or note explaining the objects and results of his
work in a form suitable for publication in the Journal of the
Board of Agriculture, so that farmers and the general public
may be informed of what is being done.

The Director of each Institution or the Head of each
Laboratory aided will be required to submit to the Board,
but not, as a general rule, for publication, an annual report
containing full information as to the work which has been
done at the Institution during the year.

Relationship to Local Institutions.
Each of the Research Institutions is intended to be the
, headquarters of research in its own particular group of sub- =i
jects, but it is clear that circumstances may often arise which | :
might make it impracticable for a Research Institution to |~
take up a particular piece of work, e.g., in a case in which |_
local study was required or for which no member of the | —

staff could well be employed. Where these conditions exist. | c

e

I911.] PROMOTION OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH. 549

and in cases in which local knowledge is essential, the
Research Institution should co-operate with one or other of
the twelve institutions to which the Board propose to make
grants in aid of local technical investigations. Apart from
the necessity for the study of certain questions in the locality
in which they arise, it is very desirable that local institutions
should be encouraged to study subjects of local importance,
and wherever possible Research Institutions should assist and
encourage them to do so.

The existence of a local staff available for advisory work
and for the conduct of local technical investigations will also’
enable the Research Institutions to test the results of research
under field conditions in different parts of the country, and
will, in other ways, do much to secure the application of
scientific research to practice. The Board attach great im-
portance to this aspect of the question, since the scheme will
fail in its object unless successful arrangements are made for
adapting information obtained in the laboratory to field condi-
fions and making it available for use by the practical hus-
bandman.

The Board hope that the local advisory staff stationed at
centres distributed over the country will form a link between
the Research Institutions on the one hand and the practical
farmer on the other.

Annual Grants.

The grants made to Research Institutions will be of the
nature of annual grants-in-aid, and the Institution will be
expected to contribute from its own funds, or to obtain con-
tributions from other sources, towards the total cost of the
research work in the group of subjects with which it is asked
to deal.

Where an Institution is already engaged in research in any
special subject, the grant from the Board must be used for
the development and extension of the work, and not for the
purpose of lightening existing expenditure.

Capital Grants.

The Development Commissioners have informed the Board
that where a Research Institution requires further buildings
for laboratories or expensive apparatus or equipment which

550 PROMOTION OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH. [OCT.,

cannot be defrayed out of the annual grant, they will be pre-
pared to consider applications for a grant of 50 per cent. of
the capital expenditure required, on condition that the Govern-
ing Body of the Institution is prepared to provide the
remainder from other sources.

In such cases the Governing Body, after consultation with
the Board, should make a formal application to the Treasury *
for a grant of the amount required.

SPECIAL GRANTS FOR RESEARCH.

A sum not exceeding £3,000 per annum will be available
for assistance in respect of special investigations for which.
provision is not otherwise made.

The following conditions will apply to Grane from this
Fund :—

1. Grants will only be made in respect of some definite
subject of research to be carried on in connection with a
University, University College, or other approved Institution
in England and Wales. In the event of an application being
made by an individual, it must be supported by a recom-
mendation from the authorities of the Institution in connection
with which the research is to be carried on, and accompanied
by a statement that the necessary facilities for research can be
given.

The subject of research must be connected with agriculture
and its allied industries. The application must state fully the
nature of the proposed research, the methods to be adopted
and the qualifications of the staff by whom the work is to be
undertaken.

2. Applications will be referred for consideration to the
Advisory Committee on Agricultural Science appointed by
the Board, and, in the case of applications which relate to
subjects for which a grant is made to a Research Institution,
the Committee will consider not only whether the proposed
investigation is desirable in itself, but whether it is not more
likely to be carried to a successful conclusion at the Research
Institution.

3. No grant from this Fund can be made to a Research

asics Regulations made by the Treasury (Statutory Rules and Orders, 1910, | le

No. 592).

1911.| COMMERCIAL ASPARAGUS CULTIVATION. 551

Institution or to any person connected with a Research In-
stitution except in connection with a subject lying outside the
main group of subjects in respect of which a grant is made
to the Institution, and the Board will require to be satisfied
that the work proposed can be undertaken without undue
interference with the principal work of the Institution or of its
staff.

4. No grants will be made for the apparatus, re-agents, and
other appliances which a reasonably equipped laboratory
should provide. In certain cases, grants will be made for
expensive apparatus which may be specially required, but in
that case the apparatus will remain the property of the Board
to be returned to them at the conclusion of the investigation.

In the case of the purchase of live stock the grant will cover
the net cost only after deducting the sums received from the
sale of the animals at the conclusion of the experiment.

Grants will not usually be made in respect of land, per-
manent buildings, or equipment, but in the event of any such
grants being made exceptionally the amount will not exceed
one-half of the total expenditure involved. |

5. Grants will only be made from year to year, and will be

for one year in each case. If it is desired to continue the

investigation, a fresh application must be made.

6. A Report (not necessarily for publication) on the results
obtained must be furnished to the Board in respect of each
subject of Research not later than three months after the
expiration of the period for which the Grant is made.

7. Detailed accounts and vouchers of the expenditure in-
curred must be rendered, and payments will only be made in
respect of moneys actually expended. Any excess charges
over and above the sum authorised must be defrayed by the
Institution or individual carrying out the research.

COMMERCIAL. ASPARAGUS CULTIVATION.
i CO NewsHam, Fos,

Hampshire Farm School, Basing.

LARGE consignments of asparagus reach the British markets
from Toulouse, the neighbourhood of Paris, and other parts
of France, but our own soil and climate are capable of growing

552 COMMERCIAL ASPARAGUS CULTIVATION. © [OCT.,

as fine asparagus as any that is imported, and an extension
of its cultivation amongst market gardeners and small-holders
would be both practicable and profitable.

The principal advantage in asparagus cultivation, and one
not possessed by most other vegetables, is that the value of
this crop is high in proportion to its bulk, and it has been
found to be a very profitable crop in suitable districts. In
the vale of Evesham, asparagus occupies a foremost position
among other vegetable crops; and there are probably other
districts where the Evesham conditions exist.

Suitability for Small Holders.—The plant is one which is
eminently adapted to cultivation by small holders. The
demand for asparagus at a reasonable price is practically un-
limited, and in low-rented rural districts the returns are satis-
factory. The capital outlay is by no means great; less, in
fact, than that involved in many other “special” cultures.
In France and Germany asparagus is grown very largely by
small holders.

Varieties.—As a rule, no great importance is attached to
different varieties of asparagus. Growers on a large scale
commonly sow seed from their own plants, and no question
of new seed or new varieties arises. This seems largely due
to the fact that sharp distinctions cannot be made between
the different varieties of asparagus; they are not many in
number, and the results obtained from any one of them
depend largely on liberal manuring, good cultivation, and
suitable protection from insect pests and diseases. Among
the most popular varieties are Connover’s Colossal, Argen-
teuil (Early Giant and Early Giant French), and Palmetto.

Soil Requirements.—The Evesham soils which are devoted
to this crop range on the heavy side, from medium loams to
trueclays. It is said that any soil may be successfully adapted
to asparagus culture, providing it is properly cultivated; but
preference may well be given to a deep sandy loam. Com-
paratively heavy and too retentive soils should be lightened
and improved by incorporating with them liberal dressings
of lime, the ashes of burnt rubbish, road grit, etc.

The soils on which asparagus is grown in many parts of ©
France, in the Department of Yonne for example, are very
light, sandy, poor in clay and humus, and consequently very

(1911.] COMMERCIAL ASPARAGUS CULTIVATION. 553

subject to a great loss of manurial stimulants by rain. This
is in great contrast to the conditions which obtain in the
Evesham district, but the French growers have effected a
marked increase in yield by employing artificial fertilisers in
conjunction with farmyard manure; the latter is principally
relied upon to furnish the soil with the humus it naturally
lacks. Asparagus flourishes in deep alluvial sandy soils,
devoid of water deposits below. Damp and water-logged
areas are naturally unsuited to the crop unless they are thor-
oughly drained.

Preparation of Ground.—In the Evesham district many of
the growers attempt no special preparation of the soil, and
very often the seed is sown where the plants are to remain.
By this means time is saved, but the strength of the plants
and the size and quality of the “grass” are not improved,
but rather the reverse. The ground is usually well dug in the
autumn, and the subsoil broken up. The seed-bed must be of
rich, clean soil; no good results can come of sowing the seed
in foul land. When forming beds the deepest possible four-
horse ploughing should be practised where possible. A great
advantage is gained by preparing the ground as early as
possible in the year, so that it may have settled down for
seed-sowing late in March, or planting with young plants
in April.

Manuring.—In making asparagus beds liberal quantities of
well-rotted manure should be thoroughly mixed with the soil.
Some growers use as much as 25 tons per acre, worth at least
from 8s. to ros. per ton on the ground; others withhold farm-

_ yard manure from this crop, preference being given to a dress-

ing of artificials. The condition of the soil must, however, be
taken into account, for on sandy soils poor in humus farmyard
manure will undoubtedly give better results than artificials.

Cowdung is used to good effect on such soils, or a mixture of

cowdung and horse manure may be employed. The débris

of mushroom beds also answers well for asparagus.

For general purposes, the following dressing is to be recom-
mended per acre:—10 or 12 tons of dung applied in early
Winter, 5 cwt. of superphosphate and 4 cwt. of kainit broad-
casted in February or March, and 24 to 3 cwt. of nitrate of
Soda as a top-dressing given in three applications at fort-

554 COMMERCIAL ASPARAGUS CULTIVATION. [OCT.,

nightly intervals, commencing with the springing of the
heads. The latter manure has a wonderful effect in hastening
growth and development, and induces tender, succulent shoots
and a.delicate flavour in the produce; it also encourages
healthy buds on the crowns for another season’s work.

Sour soils need liming; on these and also on light sandy
soils 8 cwt. of basic slag may be substituted for superphos-
phate; this must be applied not later than the beginning of
March. Guano or sulphate of ammonia is often used in
place of nitrate of soda, the former being especially useful
where basic slag is used. Fish meal and dried blood are
also employed rather extensively in some districts. No
feeding is required during the first year after planting, but
established beds are best manured with dung every
year in June or July, after cutting has been completed; this
annual dressing assists in preserving the retentiveness of the
soil, especially where it ranges on the light side; it also main-
tains fertility and keeps the landin good heart. Salt has been
largely replaced by kainit, which contains about one-third of
its weight of common salt; this constituent, however, is not
of much use except on poor or light sandy soils. Both
salt and seaweed may only be used on such soils. When
making »spring applications of manure, special attention
should be paid to its thorough incorporation with the soil;
it must be forked in as deeply as possible without injuring the
roots; otherwise it will prevent the spring sunshine warming
the soil, and so delay the growth of the plants.

Seeds and Sowing.—The berries are gathered in the
autumn, when quite ripe, and carefully preserved until the
following spring. Seeds are sown in a nursery bed in March
in drills 9 inches apart, and when the seedlings are a year
old they are lifted and planted in rows from 3 to 3% feet
apart, and 1 foot apart in the rows. Hoeing is practised
between the rows during the first year whenever weeds make
their appearance. Some advantages may be claimed for the
practice of sowing the seeds in good ground, wherein the |
plants are to grow and establish themselves permanently, for
these sowings always form the most robust, permanent, and |
best cropping plants. The plants are not likely to appear |
until fairly warm weather sets in; hence little danger need be.

@

1911.] COMMERCIAL ASPARAGUS CULTIVATION. 555

feared from early spring frosts where sowings are made in
February or the beginning of March. Too thick or too thin
sowings must be avoided, the object being to secure an even
plant when thinning out, without recourse to transplanting.

In row culture, the seeds should be inserted at a minimum
depth of 2 inches, so that the resulting crowns may be well
covered with soil. In some of the alluvial districts, where
asparagus is cultivated on a somewhat large scale, it is
customary to plant in rows 18 inches apart, every third row
being omitted.

The resulting produce may amount to 6 or 12 heads per
stool. Two or three year old plants are sometimes used, but it
is preferable to employ one year old seedlings raised at home.
In making the permanent beds, the French growers allow
as much as 4 feet between the rows, the object being to give
the plants an easy time from the start.

The Evesham growers practice two methods of planting.
Firstly, the plants may be “channelled in” in a channel or
wide drill 3 inches deep, the roots being placed on their sides
head to tail all along the channel; they are then covered with
earth by means of a hoe, and firmly trodden in. Secondly,
the roots may be set at the proper distance apart—g inches to
1 foot in the rows—and pinned down with setting pins.
Crops of lettuce or dwarf. beans may be raised during the
first year as an intercrop, and these not only assist with the
market returns, but also help to free the ground of weeds.
When purchasing plants for planting, it is very important to
secure freshly dug specimens which have been promptly
despatched; the drying effects of sun and wind must at all
times be avoided.

After-Cultivation.—This consists principally of manuring,
earthing-up, cutting, and re-earthing during the season of
cutting. Attention must also be paid to the eradication of
weeds, and diligent search must be made for signs of the
asparagus beetle. The stems are cut down in November and
the ridges levelled. In the second autumn a slight ridge is
formed about the plants by drawing a little soil up with the
hoe, and the stalks are then left until the spring. A moderate
covering of soil is placed over them in the following spring
by digging a light trench between the rows, and in the

oll

a)

556 COMMERCIAL ASPARAGUS CULTIVATION. [OCT.,

autumn of the same year the trench is completed and the
plants fully earthed up. An old practice is to place a good
covering of fine decayed manure along the rows, exactly over
the crowns, during March or before the blades commence to
show; some growers, however, prefer to apply the manure
between the rows and not along them, and it is said that in
this way the food reaches the feeding roots rather than the
strong storage roots surrounding the crown.

The manure—or the earthing-up—should suffice to blanch
a portion of the base of the blades; but under no circum-
stances should this be overdone, or quite half the entire
length of the “grass” will be white and useless. In the
fourth spring the beds are forked over, stones and weeds
removed from the trenches, and the soil afterwards hoe-drawn
into trenches. The beds are then kept clean by hoeing and
weeding. Cutting is commenced and continued until about
the end of June; if cutting is.ever done in the third year, it
must not be prolonged for more than two weeks. In the
autumn the beds are dug over and a light dressing of 10 cwt.
of well-rotted farmyard manure spread over the surface.
Generally speaking, no stalks should be allowed to grow up
to the middle of June, and many growers adopt a rotation in
cutting, so that some portions of the plantation are cut for
a shorter time than others to avoid exhaustion.

After the cutting season liberal cultivation is required, and
every herry must be stripped off as soon as it is set ; otherwise,
if allowed to develop and ripen, the strength and vitality of
the root will be impaired. It is customary to leave the tops —
as a sort of protection during winter, especially where the
usual winter application of manure is withheld. Many com-
mercial growers prolong the cutting period into midsummer,
or even until July. The feeding, of course, largely deter-
mines the duration of the beds, though the space between
the plants and the severity of the cutting may also have a
great deal to do with it. Good commercial growers of as-
paragus rarelv adopt the questionable practice of patching
up an old plantation; they usually give the beds a lease of
about 15 years for profitable production, although in some of
the Evesham gardens, 20 years is not uncommon. |

Pests and Diseases.—Asparagus suffers but little from

Bex) 1. | WILLOWS AND THEIR CULTIVATION. 557

insect pests or fungoid diseases. Mention may be made of the
Asparagus Beetle (see Leaflet 47) and the Asparagus Rust
(Puccinia asparagi). The latter first appears in brown
patches, and afterwards in black patches, which latter
condition causes the stems to ripen off a dull brown
colour instead of a golden yellow. It amounts, in fact,
to a slow starvation of the roots. As yet, the disease
does not appear to have had very serious effects among
asparagus growers, and it does not seem that any noteworthy
remedial measures have anywhere been adopted.

Marketing the Crop.—Asparagus is marketed in bundles
of 25, 50, or 100 stems. The Evesham growers tie up bundles
of 20 heads with raffia, and pack them in crates, half-a-dozen
of the small bundles being tied up in one large market bundle.
Flat-lidded baskets or hampers are to be preferred for market-
ing asparagus, as it is then possible to cover the stems with
some greenstuff which will help to retain their freshness.
After tying up a bundle, its appearance is vastly improved
if the jagged ends are trimmed level with a knife.

Grading is of much importance in connection with this

vegetable as with any other; the heads are sorted out into

different sizes and tied up accordingly. The smailest heads
are known as “sprue.” In packing the bundles in crates, the
different grades should be carefully labelled and named so
that there will be no necessity to unpack them again in the
market. A yield per acre of 250 doz. bunches of 25 heads
each may be taken as an average, and 4S. per doz. bunches as
a fair price for good quality produce.

WILLOWS AND THEIR. CULTIVATION.

W. PAULGRAVE ELLMORE and THOMAS ORKEY.

PREVIOUS articles * on this subject have dealt with the pre-
paration of the ground, methods of planting, cleaning, cut-
ting, &c. It is now proposed to indicate the approximate cost
of preparing, planting, cultivating, and cutting per acre, and

* Journal, April, 1911, p. 12; and June, I9II, p. 207.

558 WILLOWS AND THEIR CULTIVATION. (lOek:,

to give estimates for the probable yield for the fir three
years.

In estimates of this sort very great variations are Soseible
in the cost of labour, rents and rates, and, what is of even
greater importance, in the cost of the cuttings. These are
purchasable at from Ios. to 20s. per 1,000, and the number
required may vary from 24,500 per acre if planted 16 in. by -
16 in. to only 4,840 when set out for the purpose of growing
sticks. The following particulars should, however, enable
any intending grower to estimate, approximately, the cost
to him, according to local conditions. The figures for cut-
tings refer to selected healthy cuttings about 12 in. long, true
to name, and of the best varieties of Triandra, costing 15s.
per 1,000 at the growers.

pa Se

Ploughing old turf, per acre A= Om
19,360 cuttings, including carriage 15° O10
Planting, if let by the piece L 25 50
First year, hoeing four times over 2 TOL
Rent and Rates... FeU5 SO
Cutting and carrying off I O70
Add interest on outlay of £25 Tos. 1h 5 Se
Mota: ve 3 £20 15-36

The returns to be set against that expenditure vary very
much, and are dependent on the season. Some land planted
at Barrow, Leicestershire, in the spring of 1910, with Black
Maul, Black Germans, Mottled Spaniards, and Long Skins,
produced two tons to the acre, and these were sold at
44 2s. 6d. per ton on the ground, whilst the writers know

of another case in which many acres were planted the follow- |

ing spring, and, owing to the very hot and dry summer, the
crop did not pay for cutting. This is the usual risk experi-
enced by those who follow agricultural pursuits, but it may
be desirable to state that whilst willow-growing is indisput-
ably a profitable undertaking, it is nevertheless more or less
risky in the first year. When the heads are once established
they go on yielding for many years.*

* The above figures deal exclusively with the crop when sold as green. For
growers who prefer to buff or whiten their rods—operations that yield a satisfactory
return for labour involved and capital employed—full details will be supplied in
a subsequent article dealing with white and buff peeling.

IQII.] WILLOWS AND THEIR CULTIVATION. 559

The second year’s outlay is much reduced, whilst the re-
turns are much greater and involve less risk, owing to the
plants having made a liberal growth of root during the first
year, so giving additional support to the shoots :—

Rent and Rates . I oO
Hoeing, four times over. ah as or 2 O
Cutting and carrying off, at 7S. 6d. per ‘ton... ee or Fe) WG ORSO
Incidentals, and filling in plants that failed . fo) O
5 per cent. interest on outlay of first year I O

Motall A. es ae ET, 5eaO

The returns may be estimated at 4 tons of green rods at
44 ios. per ton (the market price of fairly grown first quality
rods in the winter of i911), or £18.

The third-year conditions for the grower greatly improve,

and the expenditure may be regarded as typical of that for
the next twenty years :—

LES ae

Rent and Rates igi DGG
Hoeing, three times Leos O
Cutting and carrying off... ZS 1)
Incidentals, filling in, &c. an 0 10 O
5 ies cent. interest on first year’s outlay 15a: O
Total bee ah a Ts 5 NiO

The returns should be 6 tons of green rods at £4 Ios. per
ton (this being an average price for first quality and growth),
aie 627. |

By this time the crop is at its best for quality, and it should
never look back again, provided proper care is taken and
reasonable seasons prevail. Much heavier yields in certain
exceptionally good seasons have been known; in fact, 12 tons
to the acre of green one-year-olds have been cut, but such a
_ yield is seldom obtained, and if so the yield is invariably far
less the following season, owing, no doubt, to the abnormal
drain on the plants.

The net results as shown in the above account thus work
out as follows :—

Expenditure. Recetpis. 4
Seeks ancSocns
Barstyyear 1%... Goes PAD IES MO First year : oy ee)
Second year ... bea Shayna ser (Oe) | y SSCONGLYeary «. 4 . SAS: EO.
Third year (es Oe ne Whirdsyeanerc.. SN ey ROVERS)
otal)... er ATE 5 O) | Motalise Bee isehy Aine (0)

560 © WILLOWS AND THEIR CULTIVATION, | [ocr

SUMMARY OF DIRECTIONS AS TO WILLOW CULTIVATION.

1. Cuttings should always be used for planting a willow
ground. If two-year-old cuttings are used, arrangements
should be made twelve months before they are required in
order to ensure not only that the requisite sorts are delivered,
but that the sets are cut from strong, healthy stock. Some
surplus cuttings should also be planted for replacing any
sickly or dead heads that may be found in the ground on
the following year. Care should be taken in lifting surplus
cuttings not to fracture the roots. Failing these, strong,
healthy, full-length one-year-old rods may be used for mend-
ing the ground. If two-year-old rods are used, they should
be cut off at the top of the first year’s growth.

2. After planting, it is of the greatest importance for the
first two years that a good loose tilth should be maintained
on the top, especially where the soil is strong and liable to
crack in a dry period. The rows must be kept clean by hoeing,
and so preventing weeds from choking or retarding the growth
of the willows. |

3. Willows will not thrive on water-logged land, nor in
peat bog, nor in dry soil of a sandy character. The. best soil
for a willow ground is a strong loam, in a position where it
can be flooded at will, though the land must be well drained
to provide against an abnormally rainy season.

4. In England willows may safely be planted at any time
from the end of October to the middle of April, March being,
perhaps, the best time if autumn planting is not resorted to.

October planting is in all respects equal to spring planting,

and allows other work to be done, such as cutting, sorting,
and preparing for the ‘cleaning and peeling season.

5. If possible, employ a good cultivator with which to
break up the ground; this is more economical than the ordi-

nary digging, and almost as good in its results. This work if

should be carried out in ample time, to make certain of the

land being in proper condition for the subsequent planting, | j
for if the cuttings are stuck into unbroken clods of soil, success E us

can scarcely be expected to follow.
The best sorts should be procured, no matter at what cost,
for basket willows. The cuttings must be healthy, and not

a |

=
% Was
“kgs

IQII.| WILLOWS! AND THEIR CULTIVATION. 561

have been retarded in the previous season by fly-grub or
willow-beetle attacks, and they must be adapted to the require-
ments of the market for which the produce is intended. A
mixed crop is only of small value, whilst it involves a deal of
extra labour at peeling time. Moreover, a little additional
trouble and expense at the outset is well repaid, since a willow
ground will last from twenty to thirty years if properly cut
and cared for. All new plantations should be protected
against ground game, for even the buds of the bitter varieties
of willows are not proof against rats, rabbits, or hares.
7. After the cuttings have been planted, the ground around
them should be thoroughly trodden down; if this is only.
done ina slovenly manner many cuttings will die.
8. lf the bark of a cutting is much chafed or entirely
broken, the cutting should not be used.
9g. Basket willows will not pay if planted in small, out-of-
the-way corners. Any patches of spare land may be planted
for poles or timber, but not for basket willows.
10. Willows make good wind screens or nurse trees, and
the species known as Salix repens will grow on the sea-shore
sand-dunes. It forms an excellent shelter for seaside gardens
and promenades, and is largely used at the best French coast
tesorts and golf grounds for that purpose. Some willows
will grow on land occasionally overflowed with salt water,
provided it is suitable in other respects, whilst slightly
brackish tidal water suits all vigorous-growing sorts, as can
be seen on the islands and banks of the Thames, Severn,
Trent, &c. :
11. Willows, when planted on the banks of rivers, possess
an additional value by preventing denudation; their long,
fibrous roots have great range and tenacity, and the shoots,
if cut every three years, can be easily sold as sticks.
_ 12. The inclusive cost of planting good-quality basket

Willows is about 25s. per thousand or a little over, based on
19,360 plants per acre, the number necessary if planted 18 in.
Dy 18in., which is the best distance for the choicer sorts.

13. All cuttings should be pushed into the ground from
10 in. to II in.

14. The number of cuttings required for an Imperial acre
1s as follows :—Planted 16 in. by. 16 in., 24,502; 18 in. by
QQ

562 WILLOWS AND THEIR CULTIVATION. | [OCT.,

18 in.,. 190;360; 20 inx.by 205%1n;, 85,6081 522 ime owe22 ie
12,960; 24 in. by 24 in., 10,890; 27 in. by 27 in., 8,604;
30 in. by 30 1n., 6,970; 36 in. by 36 1n., 4,840.

15. If willows are collected for scientific observation or
botanical classification, any decision in regard thereto should
be postponed until they have been grown in a trial ground.
Varieties which for years have been regarded as distinct have.
often in two or three years so changed that no variations what-
ever have been recognisable. Willows are so materially
altered bv soil, climate, and situation that experts who have
studied them for long periods are often deceived; but if the
above plan is adopted much confusion will be removed, and
many of the so-called species and varieties will be eliminated.

16. When cuttings are planted with a view to growing
timber trees, all the first-year shoots should be cut to the
ground, and any defective or crooked shoots removed at the
end of the second year, leaving straight, clean stuff to grow
on for timber.

17. To pollard a willow destroys its value as timber suit-
able for bat-makers, who, for maiden growth, will pay very
high prices. Dr. A. Henry,. of Cambridge, informs the
writers that the selling price of cricket-bat willow timber on
the ground often reaches 14s. per cubic foot,* and may even
be higher. He also quotes an actual sale of a lot of trees,
averaging IO in. in quarter-girth, and each estimated to yield
three rows of cricket-bats, at £3 11s. per tree. The produce
from a pollard tree can only be used for fencing purposes;
moreover, the head harbours all kinds of noxious insects, and
wet and frost soon destroy the heart of the trunk.

18. In a country like our own, the wisdom of planting
quick-growing timber cannot be over-estimated. The willow
is not only one of the most remunerative trees to cultivate,
but no wood commands a readier sale or is more difficult to
obtain.

* It should, however, be noted that the lower part of the tree only is measured
(about 7 feet in a ten-year old), the upper part being valueless for bat willow.

IQII.] SMALL HOLDINGS IN DENMARK. 563

CREATION OF SMALL HOLDINGS FOR
AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS IN DENMARK.

Dr. R. RAEDER.

Mucu attention has for a long time been given to small
holdings in Denmark. The agricultural committees—on
which small holders are often in a majority—have for many
years awarded prizes and premiums, travelling scholarships,
&c., to small holders out of their own funds and out of the
sum voted annually by the Danish Parliament (£5,000).
In addition, the Danish Budget annually provides £1,600 for
literature, assistance to small holders, travelling expenses,
horticulture, &c.; £4,000 for agricultural education, and some
other items, making a total amount of £11,100.

Loans to Societies for the Formation of Small Holdings.—
The State contributes directly to the formation of small
holdings by allotting annually a sum of £11,100 for loans
to societies having as their object the purchase and division
of large holdings and their sale in small lots. The loans are
determined by the Minister of Finance, and must not exceed
the capital, in ready money, with which the society operates.
The debt is not repayable for five years, but on the sale of
a holding the Minister of Finance immediately determines
the instalment repayable. Interest is charged on the loan
at the rate of 3 per cent. per annum. No repayment is made
during the first five years, except where holdings are sold.
After this interest and instalments are paid by a charge of
4 per cent. Interest is only payable on the amount of the
debt remaining undischarged; the remainder of the payment
of 4 per cent. on the original loan, goes towards the repay-
ment of capital. The dividends of the societies are limited to
5 per cent. on their capital, any surplus profits being employed

for the benefit of the small holders.

Purchase of Small Holdings by means of State Loans.—
In Denmark the law provides for assistance from the public
treasury being given to agricultural labourers for the creation
of small holdings. Among those who may also avail them-
selves of this assistance are unmarried women working for

_ Wages, persons cultivating small farms, rural artisans, brick-

QQ 2

564 SMALL HOLDINGS IN DENMARK. __ [OCT.,

making labourers, fishermen, &c., if they support themselves
partly by working on the land.

To benefit from the advantages offered by the law, the
applicant must be a Danish subject, must be between twenty-
five and fifty years of age, must not have been convicted of
any dishonourable act, must not have been a recipient of
poor relief, must prove himself by the attestation of two-
respectable persons to be industrious, thrifty, and sober, and
lastly, must possess a certain sum of money sufficient (accord-
ing to the law) for the purposes of ownership of the small
farm, for the acquisition of which his own resources are in-
sufficient. The size of the holding must not be below one
hectare (24 acres).

The applicant, after having chosen a holding, forwards to
the commission (appointed for this purpose in each depart-
ment), his application containing all the necessary informa-
tion, as to the situation and size of the holding, probable
price of purchase, plans of buildings, and the amount re-
quired for buildings and for purchase of animals and fixtures.
The total amount of the loan from the State should not
ordinarily be more than £360; the absolute maximum is
£440.

After examination of this information and inspection of the
holding, the Commission accepts or refuses the proposal.
If the Commission declares the applicant qualified, approves
the price of the holding, and passes the buildings, stock, and
equipment, the applicant is entitled to claim a loan from the
State corresponding to nine-tenths of the value of the holding,
which sum is secured by a mortgage on the land, build-
ings, and live stock. The interest is 3 per cent.; the debtor
pays no instalment in the first five years; ste this time
interest and instalments are paid by a charge of 4 per cent.
per annum; after repayment of two-fifths, instalments and
interest are paid by a charge of 4 per cent. on the amount of
the debt outstanding.

For these loans a sum of £222,400 is provided annually a
in the Budget, and a sum of £2,200 is annually allotted for |
the expenses of the Commissions. The total annual expendi- |

ture is thus £224,600. ai 3
Conditions attached to Ownership of Small Holdings— |

IQII.| SMALL HOLDINGS IN DENMARK. 565

Although the small holder enjoys the full rights of owner-
ship, the common ‘law has been modified in some respects.
Advantage of the benefits of the law can be taken only once
and for one holding only. In case of removal or letting of the
farm, the whole sum lent falls due without previous notice.
The holding must always be used for agricultural purposes,
and the stock must always be kept up and maintained in good
condition. In case of sale, the purchaser cannot take advan-
tage of the benefits of the law unless he himself can fulfil
the qualifications required by the law. The widow of the
owner.succeeds according to the law of inheritance; in the
case of a second marriage the husband must comply with the
qualifications. Lastly, the small holder has the special ad-
vantage of disposing of his property by will.

Experience has shown that it is rather the married agricul-
tural labourer of middle age who takes advantage of the
benefits under the law. The large majority of small holders
belong to the agricultural classes, and it appears that in his
new role of owner the small holder still retains his character
as a labourer, as he works on the average for wages 155 days

out of the year.

During the ten years 1900 to 1910, 5,092 small farms have
been established under this law. About £1,200,000 has
already been spent by the State in the creation of these small
farms, or £232 per farm; and as the State borrows money
at 32 per cent., the annual loss is about £9,000, or 36s. per
farm. There are about 180,000 small farms (houses with a
holding of land) in Denmark, so that the number of farms
established under the law during ten years is not more than
28 per cent. of the total.

Such are the efforts made in Denmark to keep agriculturists
and labourers on the land and to improve their lot.

Naturally these new proprietors, who possess only a tenth

of the value of their property, would be very quickly ruined
_ by a fall in the price of butter and pork, especially if it

occurred at a time when they have to pay ready money. So
far by thrift and industry they have been able to make
their way, and it is to be hoped that they will do so in the
future. Up to the present the State, as creditor, has entered
into possession of only a very small number of these small

566 LAVENDER GROWING. [OCT.,

tarms, and their establishment seems an efficacious means of
retaining the labourers on the land. As a matter of fact,
the movement from country to town has diminished in recent
years. :

LAVENDER GROWING.

Lavender, which was introduced into England from the |

South of Europe in the sixteenth century, is grown commer-
cially in a few districts in England where conditions have
proved to be especially suitable to its cultivation. The
principal lavender plantations are to be found in the neigh-
bourhood of Mitcham, Carshalton, and Beddington, in
Surrey, and at Hitchin and Canterbury. At each of these
places the industry has been carried on for many years, and
a local reputation for their lavender production has been
established, which is no doubt a valuable asset. Recently its
cultivation has been extended to Dorsetshire, where a some-
what large area at Broadstone has been devoted to it in
conjunction with some other similar plants.

Although it is not improbable that there are many other
districts where the crop could be grown with success, the
difficulty of disposing of any large quantity of the produce
in places where no still exists must be borne in mind. Dis-
tillers are often loth to take produce from a distance, owing
to the fact that in order to get the best results distillation
should take place immediately after harvesting. On the other
hand, it may be pointed out that most large towns provide a
fair market for bunches of lavender flowers.

Soil and Cliumaie.—The lavender plant is probably more —

dependent on climate than soil, though a light loam over-
lying chalk and a sunny sheltered position sloping to the south
or south-west are perhaps most favourable. It is successfully
grown at Hitchin on a light gravelly sub-soil. Lavender is
indigenous on the hills bordering on the Mediterranean, and

conditions which closely reproduce those of its native habitat

are: necessary for its successful cultivation. As regards soil,
good natural drainage, a light, fairly rich soil, and a warm
position are essential, while a mild winter, with a low rainfall,
followed by a warm, dry summer, favours a good crop and,
what is equally important, a high-quality oil.

Re eS ea OPS

~~ Somme hears EE

7

1911.] LAVENDER GROWING. — 567

A naturally sheltered position should be chosen if possible,
as the plants may be injured by high winds in summer; but
the artificial shelter of hedges or walls is not usually recom-
mended. The plant is very liable to injury by frost.

Preparing the Soil.—The ground should be thoroughly
cleaned before planting by being allowed to lie fallow, the
weeds being collected and burnt, and the soil ploughed and
cross-ploughed to produce a gocd tilth. A medium dressing
of dung may be given at the same time. —

Planting.—Cuttings should be taken from _ established
plants in the summer from June onwards, and struck in pre-
pared beds, where they can be watered during dry weather.
They should be put in 3 in. or 4 in. apart. The old custom
of tearing off the woody branches of the plant and planting
them thickly in trenches, though somewhat quicker in its
results, is a bad one, as cuttings taken in this way are said
to be more liable to attacks of fungus disease.

The young plants will be ready to plant out in their perma-
nent positions in the following spring about May, when they
should be dibbled in about 4 feet apart in rows and 6 feet
between the rows. At this rate 2,000 will be required per
acre, and if they have to be purchased the cost may be 16s.
per 100, or less. After the ground has been stocked, the
grower would provide new plants by striking cuttings himself.

In the first year the plants should be cut back to prevent
them flowering; in the third and fourth years they will be in
their prime; and after the fifth year they should be dug up
and burnt. Practice in this respect differs. At Hitchin they
are taken up at the end of the third year. In making a new
plantation, therefore, planting should be extended over several
years, so that too large an area may not have to be grubbed
up at once. After the lavender planis have been cleared
out, some other crop, such as potatoes, should be grown for
a year or two before the land is again planted with lavender.

Harvesting.—The time of harvesting will depend on the
character of the season, but it is usually early in August. Mr.
F. Ransom, writing in the Pharmaceutical Journal, states
that the earliest season recorded by him was in 1868, when it
commenced on July 17th, while the latest was in 1894, when
it was deferred till September 3rd.

568 THE DESTRUCTION OF BRACKEN. __ [OCT.,,

The same writer estimates the average yield of oil at 12 Ib.
per acre if the whole area under cultivation, including that
devoted to cuttings and to the first year’s growth, is taken
into consideration. But from 15 lb. up to as much as
30 Ib. of oil may be obtained in a favourable season when
the plants are in their prime.

The value of the oil varies according to quality, demand, .
and other seasonal conditions. From toos. per lb. thirty
years ago it fell to 20s. to 30s. per Ib., but during the present
year the price has risen, and gos. per lb. may be given as
the current wholesale price. 3

Apart from growing for oil, which is not advisable unless
a lavender distillery exists in the neighbourhood, the plant
may be grown for its dried flowers. There is a limited sale
for these at Covent Garden, while they may also be sold
locally. It is in the latter direction that small holders may
be able to dispose of the crop from a small area. Caution,
however, is desirable, as the normal demand is not large.

Disease.—The lavender plant is very subject to a fungus
disease, which attacks the root and stem; indeed, the decline
in cultivation which took place some years ago is said to be
due to this cause, with the result that large quantities of
foreign oil were imported, and to some extent supplanted
the home product.

In view of the liability of the plant to this disease, it is very
desirable (1) to root up and burn the old plants in order to
destroy any fungus spores or mycelium that may be present,
and (2) after sterilising the soil with quicklime to plant the
ground with another crop for a year or two. 3

Tie” DESTRUCTION OF > BRACKER:

Bracken, Brake Fern, or “Fern” (Pteris aquilina, L.), is
at once one of the most widely distributed and one of the
most interesting of our native flora, for not only does it occur
in many parts of the world, but its peculiar life-history shows —
that while it produces thousands of spores which require —
damp surroundings in which to grow and give rise to new
plants, it is not in general propagated in this way in the ~

gee neon es Fe

TO LT.| THE DESTRUCTION OF BRACKEN. 569

uplands, but by means of an extensively creeping and
branching rootstock or underground stem.

Bracken occurs in many localities of Great Britain to such
an extent that it overruns dry upland pastures and rough
grazing land, and even begins to invade good grazings. In
many positions it largely increases the cost of planting forest
trees, and also reduces the rental value of sheep pastures, and
even of arable land. The evil is in some districts very serious in
character, and great difficulty has been experienced in keeping
the pest within bounds, while experienced farmers have failed
to eradicate it. So densely does it grow on occasion that
practically all other vegetation—at any rate, useful vegeta-
tion—is entirely suppressed. It is especially prevalent on
light sandy soils, or soils in which lime is very deficient
or absent. It is found high up the mountain side, in suitable
situations at ordinary levels, and on the sea-coast almost down
to high-water mark.

In their final report the Committee of Inquiry on Grouse
Disease remark that : “There can, unfortunately, be no doubt
that bracken is spreading considerably on very many moors

in the south and west of Scotland, and that not much effort

is being made to combat this pest. Thick bracken will
rapidly destroy both grass and heather, but of the two it is
probable that the heather will be the more easily destroyed;
and if bracken has once taken possession of ground for a
period of years it will be found, on clearing the ground by
regular cutting, that grass will probably come where heather
formerly flourished. It is a common experience when burn-
ing fairly old heather to find that the few bracken stems which
existed among the heather give rise to a much thicker crop on
the bare ground, and may entirely choke the fresh growth of
young heather.”

Method of Propagation.—Briefly, the life-history of bracken
is as follows :—The mature foliaceous plant produces myriads
of spores on the under-surface of the leaflets, each mature
spore being a potential parent of a bracken plant. Under
Suitable conditions of temperature and moisture the spore
develops into a small, flat, green, scale-like organ called
the rothallus, this in due time producing male and
female organs, which finally give rise to a young fern

570 THE DESTRUCTION OF BRACKEN. [OCT.,

plant similar to the mature bracken with which the cycle
started. |

The foregoing system of reproduction, however, seems to
occur but rarely in Nature in the dry positions in which
bracken is chiefly harmful to the farmer, though it may be
more frequent in damper situations. The spores from the
bracken leaves can be readily grown artificially.

The second and common system of propagation is by means
of branching and creeping underground stems or rhizomes,
only the leaves with their stalks appearing above ground.
During the summer months the leaves manufacture far more
food material than is requisite for their own growth and the
production of spores, and this excess food they store in the
creeping rootstock for the purpose of starting the new growth
in the following spring. It is on this important fact—not,
as Many persons may imagine, on the prevention of the pro-
duction of spores—that the eradication of bracken chiefly
depends.

Eradication of Bracken by Cutting.
suggested for the eradication of bracken, but the prin-
ciple involving successful operations consists in cutting it
down as soon as the balance of stored food material has been

Many plans have been

most nearly exhausted in producing a wealth of foliage, and
repeating the operation at successive intervals as the plant
puts forth new leaves in an endeavour to fulfil its natural
functions—the production of spores and the storage of a
fresh supply of food in the rootstocks. With the repeated
cutting these natural functions are prevented; the plant uses
up its capital of food reserves, the removal of the leaves
renders it incapable of manufacturing further food, and the
exhaustion and ultimate death of the plant follows. The first
cutting may most usefully be carried out about the middle
or end of June, according to locality, the bracken having by
that time used up a large proportion of its food reserves and
being near maturity. Thereafter cutting should be repeated —
as soon as the bracken reaches the stage when the new leaves
begin to unfold. Cutting may need to be repeated two or
even three times in the first season after the June cutting, and

two or three times altogether in each of the two or three sub- _

sequent years, but with the gradual elimination of the bracken
comes the reward. In experiments conducted at Auchentorlie

IQII.| THE DESTRUCTION OF BRACKEN. S71

(Bowling, N.B.) by Lt.-Col. Ferguson-Buchanan, the acreage
of bracken practically exterminated since 1905 is 500 to 600
acres, at a cost of about £350. The cost was found to be well
repaid, excellent grazing resulting, while it had the advantage
that the shepherd could view his ground in less than a quarter
of the time taken when bracken covered the ground, and the
sheep kept off the heather owing to the extra grazing avail-
able. In the experiments referred to, clean cutting with
scythe and hook was found to be more effective than any
other method. |

Mr. S. Millar has been kind enough to inform the Board
that bracken has been cut for four years (1908-11) on 200
acres of Tighnabruaich Hill Farm in Argyllshire. The first
cutting took place between early May and the end of June,
1908, when the fronds were but a few inches high and quite
tender. A second cutting took place between July ist and
August 15th, and a third between about August 15th and
September 15th, while some 50 acres of the area were again
cut over before the end of September of the same year. The
result was that in 1g09 the growth was decidedly reduced and

weaker, and cutting was carried out three times. In 1910 the

bracken was in some places very thin and short, and only one
cutting was required, but in other places two and even three
cuttings were necessary. In the present year (1911) the
bracken has been very scarce (except on 10 acres) and very
short, not more than 6 in. high, but the ground was all gone
over, and the bracken cut early in July. On the 10 acres ex-
cepted, the bracken was more prevalent, but very short, and
was cut twice. It is anticipated that next year no cutting will
be necessary. Mr. Millar states that the cost of cutting to
date has been £190, and the pest is considered practically
exterminated. The 200 acres which were before useless are
now good sheep pasture, and have proved worth reclaiming,
provided the bracken does not grow again, at any rate for a
considerable time.

The tool used for cutting in this case consisted of a light
wooden handle 4 ft. long, bearing at the end a flat curved
piece of iron sharpened on both edges; this cuts the young
bracken very easily, it cuts on both swings, and the workman
does not require to bend.

In another case in North Wales 240 acres of bracken were

Se THE DESTRUCTION OF BRACKEN. [OCT.,

bruised and beaten down with sticks in June, October, and
November, 1909. In 1910 the operation was repeated in June,
and the result has been a very considerable decrease in the
bracken.

It is considered by some authorities that one of the simplest
methods of eradicating bracken consists in running chain
harrows, or heavy beam and bush harrows, over the ground.
when the growth is young and tender, and repeating the
operation as often as new growth attains a few inches
in height. Beating down with sticks is perhaps equally
effective, but takes longer, and is hence more _ ex-
pensive.

Effect of Liming.—An important factor in the successful
growth of bracken is the absence or: comparative absence of
lime, and it has been found that where bracken is plentiful
an application of lime results in its suppression. Liming
at the rate of 10 to 40 cwt. per acre might usefully accompany
regular cutting, the result to be expected within three to five
years being the eradication of the bracken and its gradual
replacement with excellent herbage.

Bracken does not commonly encroach on land which is
regularly cultivated, and putting land covered with bracken
under the plough and deeply breaking it up may usually be
considered a certain means of eradication.

Influence of Stock.—A note which appeared in this Journal
in February, 1909, page 844, referred to the influence of cattle
on the eradication of bracken, and it would appear that close
grazing with cattle tends to reduce the pest, the animals
not only eating much of it when young, but trampling it.
down. Where cattle have been replaced with sheep a con-
siderable increase in bracken has been noted. Cases to the
contrary, however, have also been quoted, in which cattle
have had no appreciable effect on the bracken.

In the course of their investigations the Committee of
Inquiry on Grouse Disease noticed that bracken very seldom
grows on crofter ““soumings”’ where there are many ponies,
and they observe that while they do not feel that they have
enough evidence on the subject to claim that this is a solution,

they mention the fact as one which may be worth further — i

inquiry and experiment. |
It has been stated that where it has been possible to prac- |

19II.] HEATHER BURNING. 573

tise it, irrigation with spring water has been adopted for
clearing land of bracken with complete success, though in
some cases the plan has proved useless. |

Insects Attacking Bracken—A number of insects have
been recorded as attacking bracken, among them being :—
(1) Heptalus velleda, a swift moth, the caterpillars of which
tunnel in the underground stems or rhizomes towards the end
of the year; (2) Euplexia lucipara and Hadena pisi, two
noctuid moths, the caterpillars of which feed on the foliage,
and allies of which bite the plants across; (3) Panagria
petraria, a geometrid moth, the caterpillars of which feed on
the plants.

Bracken for Fodder.—It may be mentioned that young
bracken has been employed as a green fodder, and has even
been ensiled for stock-feeding, the process being to chaff it
and mix it in equal proportions with new straw chaff, salt it
evenly, and tread it into a properly constructed silo. It is
then covered with clay to induce heating and prevent firing,
the material becoming pleasant to the smell and relished by
stock. This question, however, requires further investiga-
tion. :

Bracken for Litter—The use of bracken as a litter was dealt
with in the Journal for October, 1908, where it was shown
that its manurial value is about 50 per cent. higher than that
oi straw, while it possesses greater power of absorbing
ammonia and urine than an equal weight of straw. “Dung
made from bracken may be expected to be somewhat richer
than dung made from straw. On the other hand, it takes
longer to decompose in the soil, the fibrous woody stems
being only very slowly attacked. It therefore opens up the
soil to a greater extent than straw-made dung would do, and
is for that reason likely to be more effective on a heavy clay
than on a light sandy soil.”

HEATHER BURNING.

The question of the correct and most successful procedure
to be adopted in regard to heather-burning has in the past
given rise to much debate, and there has been considerable
divergence of opinion on the subject. What was good for the
farmer by extending the area of grazing for sheep might not
be favourable to the sportsman in encouraging an increase in

574 HEATHER BURNING. &.° {OCB

grouse, and action that might at the outset seem to have a
favourable effect on grouse-breeding might ultimately end in
disaster in the shape of a general outbreak of grouse disease.
This being the case, considerable interest attaches to the
chapter on heather-burning contributed by Lord Lovat to
the Final Report of the Committee of Inquiry on Grouse
Disease,* in which the subject is dealt with at some length.
Briefly, it may be stated that the Committee are distinctly
of opinion that the interests of the farmer and the sportsman
are identical, and that the burning of the heather is equally
advantageous to both. In the past the use of many moors for
grazing has been subordinated to their employment as a
breeding-ground for grouse, but now that it has been shown
on such high and unimpeachable authority as that of the
Committee referred to that the two purposes are in no way
inimical, the Board hope that landowners and the owners of
shooting rights will endeavour to encourage the regular and
systematic burning of the heather, and thus enable the moors
to carry more sheep than they do at present. The following
is a summary of the Committee’s Report :— 3
Decrease in Heather-burning during the Last Century.—
In the early days of grouse-shooting, from about 1800 to 1850,
the heather of the moorland was in the majority of cases
burned by the farmer and his shepherds, the methods being
rough and ready, but effective, the object being to burn one-
tenth of the moor annually. During this period shooting
rents were low. Subsequently, when the value of grouse-
shooting became enhanced, the rights of burning were trans-
ferred from the shepherds to the keepers. The result was |
that, while better cover for shooting over dogs was obtained,
there was not only a drop in the average bag of grouse, but
also in the grazing value of the hill-ground—a result neither
foreseen nor desired. The reason was that long heather was
aimed at, and the keeper not only stopped the shepherd from
burning big stretches of heather, but from burning the heather
at all. ;
The procedure followed ended in the whole effect of the
earlier burning being lost by the ’sixties of last century, and —

in many districts where non-burning was at its height not |

* The Grouse in Health and Disease: being the Final Report of the Committee
of Inquiry on Grouse Disease. 2 Vols. Smith, Elder.& Co. 1911. £2 2s. net.

IQTI.] HEATHER BURNING. 575

only were there few birds and frequently recurring outbreaks
of disease, but the graziers’ complaint that there was not
enough young heather and grass to feed the sheep-stock
became more and more common, and big sheep-farmers in
many districts came to rent the shooting as well as the grazing
of their holdings in order to get control of the heather-
burning.

In 1871 and 1873 the Game Laws Commission investigated
the relations of the sporting and farming interests, and some
very interesting facts were elicited. Not the least important
of these facts was the similarity of heather conditions required
for sheep and for grouse. This was brought out by the
evidence of farmers who had leased the sporting rights of
their farms, and who spoke of doubling and trebling the bag
of grouse by burning tracts of ground in order to get the land
back into the proper rotation for sheep, viz., one-tenth of the
moor burned per annum.

A great outbreak of disease occurred in 1872 and 1873, and
about this time the patch method of burning came into
fashion, and the proportion burned dropped from one-tenth
to one-hundredth part of the moor per annum. It is to the

small size of these patches and the consequent small propor-

tion of the moor annually burned, more than to any other
cause, that the persistent recurrence of grouse disease is due.

Burning Recommended by the Committee—Taking all
things into consideration, the Committee recommend a fifteen
years’ rotation, t.e., that a fifteenth part of the moor should
be burht annually. Under this system the amount of edible
heather represents 60 per cent. of the total acreage of the
moor, compared with g per cent. in the case of a hundred-year
rotation, or 18 per cent. in the case of a fifty-year rotation.
This means that a well-burned moor can carry seven and a
half times the stock of the moor burned on a hundred-year

_ rotation, and nearly four times as much as that of the average
moderately burned moor.

“The object to be aimed at is clear, that every bird should
have its tufts to nest in at the edges of the burned ground,
its bare ground to sun itself in and on which to take out its
chicks; its older heather for concealment, its breast-high
10-inch heather for feed, its well-matured heather for seed
and shelter in winter, and, finally and of most importance, its

570 HEATHER BURNING. Keeney

Six- to iicensyeats old heather to keep it in health and vigour
in early spring.”

Methods of Burning.—Old heather Boi be burned in
strips, for when old stick heather is burned the fire is so hot
that the roots are charred and killed; in this case regenera-
tion can only proceed from seed, and, if the burned areas

are narrow, self-seeding is materially helped by wind-blown |

seed. While it is necessary to burn off blocks of old heather
in strips, it is advisable at the same time to get a considerable
area burned on one beat of the moor.

Sheep always rush to the newly burned ground for the
sweeter grasses that grow there, and unless there are good
stretches of burned ground for them to feed on, they will
concentrate on the small isolated patches and pull up all the
young heather plants as they spring from seed. Everyone
who is acquainted with a moor in autumn must have observed
the hundreds of little brown shrivelled-up heather seedlings
pulled up by the sheep’s teeth on every patch of newly burned
ground. To obviate this wholesale destruction it is some-
times considered advisable, where the sheep stock is heavy
and the moor has a tendency to go back to grass, to fence
off areas of old stick heather for two or three years after burn-
ing. This gives the young heather a chance of coming
away, and once rooted it can defy the efforts of the stoutest-
toothed “black-face.”

Old heather should, whenever it is oe be burned

“against the grain,” that is to say, against the lie of the
heather sticks. ‘‘Back-firing” or burning against the wind

gives a very clean burn, the fire travels siowly, and destroys ©

not only a larger percentage of the stalks of the heather, but
also burns into the ‘‘fog”’ or moss which surrounds the roots
of old stick heather. Owing to the shortness of the time avail-
able for burning in an average year, dampness of the soil,
&c., “back-firing”’ is not alw ays possible. In the case where
an Guerioo of partly charred sticks have been left it is advis-

able to run a fire through the burned ground a second time if.

possible in the second or third year following the first burn.
This second firing has the effect of clearing the ground of
the charred heather sticks and burning off the moss, which,
having been exposed to the air, is drier than at the first time

i hn “an ig iy Nie flat armen

Ost. | HEATHER BURNING. 577

p of kindling. This affords a good clear seed-bed on which the
2 ee orme heather-seeds rapidly establish themselves.
In the interest of both sheep and grouse, wet “flow”
- ground should be burned in big stretches outside the ie
rotation—if possible, once in every six years. Flow ground
Be sally overlies deep, damp peat, and is “therefore protected
from the full effects of the fire; the grass and the stunted
: in consequence come away quickly from the root. It
oh is often difficult to burn flow ground owing to the heather
_ being broken up into tussocks, and the driest weather should

are chosen for the task.
_ Period of Burning—Heather can be burned at all times of
“the year in England. In Scotland, by statute, heather-
7 urning is confined to the period from November ist to April
Ioth. On high, wet moors an extension of the period to
April 25th can be obtained. In Wales, by custom, burning
s usually carried on during the spring months.
Autumn Burning Recommended.—As soon as it was estab-
lished that the health of the grouse depended not only on the
distribution of edible heather, but also on the total extent of
‘supply, it became a matter of primary interest to the Com-
nittee to decide whether in their opinion the burning season
a be extended, and how the results of autumn and spring

Th the North of England the evidence goes to show that,
ether paeine from the root or from the seed, the growth

nature of the soil is not Guiieicntly porous to male them effective. Flow ground
S a poor quality of stunted heather usually mixed with sour-looking grass, yet
ise are often found to frequent it during the daytime, especially when it lies on a
plata or immediately under the crest of a ridge.

RR

578 HEATHER BURNING. i OCns

of heather following autumn and spring burning is identical.
On the more northern moors the heather is probably slightly
slower in reaching maturity after autumn burning, especially
on shallow peat or hard ground.

At least 75 per cent. of the larger moors examined by the
Committee proved. to be insufficiently burned, and they con-
sider that in many cases an extension of the burning period.
would enable a larger stock of both sheep and grouse to be
maintained. In view of the fact that autumn-burning is neces-
sary in the interests of the health of the grouse and sheep,
they suggest that a Bill making it permissible in Scotland
to burn after October 1st should be introduced into Parlia-
ment without delay. |

Opinions of Sheep-farmers on Heather-burning.—With a
view to ascertaining the opinions of sheep-farmers on the
subject of heather-burning, a meeting was arranged between
representatives of the Committee and a number of sheep-
farmers from different districts. The views expressed clearly
indicated that in the opinion of sheep-farmers there is not
enough heather burned for either grouse or sheep on the
majority of moors in England and Scotland, and that there
is a general wish on the part of sheep-farmers on heather
ground that more heather should be burned. The farmers
further stated that they would be glad to try autumn burning
in co-operation with owners, and that they would probably
give more assistance in the autumn than in the spring, because
in the spring they are usually busy with sheep that have
returned from wintering, and with the superintendence of their
stock during the lambing season. They considered that it
matters little whether autumn-burned heather grows as well |
as spring-burned heather, the great object being to get rid of |
the large tracts of old useless heather which are of no value [7
either for grouse or sheep. |

It was also pointed out that where heather is allowed to ia
grow too old, there is a danger of its place being taken by |
bracken after burning, whereas if the heather is burned young | bi
the fresh growth has more vitality, and usually defeats the | pe
bracken. 14

eel g

1011.| LAYING COMPETITIONS. | 579

ENGLISH AND AUSTRALIAN’ LAYING
COMPETITIONS.

EDWARD Brown, F.L.S.

For thirteen years the Utility Poultry Club has organised
_ laying competitions, which have been held in various parts
of England. That society was the pioneer of this method of
_ endeavouring to show what can be accomplished as a result of
_ breeding, selection, and management in egg-production.
Nearly all these contests have been for periods of sixteen
_ weeks, commencing in October and terminating in February,
thus covering the time of greatest scarcity in egg supplies.
The number of eggs produced by the winning pens have
: ‘ranged from 127 (1900-1901) to 276 (1902-1903), the first-
“named being exceptionally low, the latter very high. These
_ gave averages of 31°75 to 69'0 eggs per hen, as four birds were
a included in each lot. In 1907-1908 a twelve months’ com-
_ petition was held, in which the leading pen gave an average
: of 165°66 eggs per hen. In that contest six birds formed each
i ‘pen.
E The example thus set has been followed by other societies
‘in this country, and by Departments of Agriculture and socie-
: Bt ies in British Colonies. It is announced that similar con-
tests are to be held in the United States of America. The
‘most successful contests have been in Australia, where remark-
able records have been made, especially in South Australia,
where competitions have been held annually for several years.
I is desirable, therefore, to consider what is the real value
these competitions. The Utility Poultry Club announces
it they are not held “‘to determine which is the best breed,”
‘that “good laying is a question of strain and not of
vag though this latter statement can scarcely be accepted
out qualification, as good laying is probably a question
breed and strain combined with efficient feeding and
ee ceement.
_ That laying competitions have proved a great stimulus to
th eC 2 poultry industry, and influenced farmers and others to pay
we; eater amount of attention to selection of their fowls, cannot
questioned. In this direction the benefit has been enor-
is. That they have had an equal influence upon the pro-
iveness of fowls generally is not so apparent. That

cates Rene

580 LAYING COMPETITIONS. Dee i POY

successful competitors have obtained a valuable advertisement
for their stock is undoubtedly true, but it should be borne in
mind that the conditions under which these contests take place
are highly artificial. To keep hens for egg-production in lots
of four and six would involve heavy expenditure for equip-
ment and labour in management, which would be unprofitable
upon an ordinary farm. A preferable test would be for twenty -
or twenty-five hens in each flock. Finally, we have yet to
learn what is the permanent effect upon the progeny bred
from the heavy layers in these competitions. :
Generally speaking, interest is mainly centred upon the per-

formances of the prize-winners, whose records are heralded
as of supreme importance. By so doing the true value may
be disregarded. Prizes are essential to secure competitors,
who are stimulated to enter for the chance of winning these
trophies, and for the monetary results which follow from their
success. I venture to suggest that the real meaning of laying
competitions is not to be found in the results obtained from
the prize-winners, but rather in the average production of all
the competing birds. It has long been known that in nearly
all races of carefully selected hens a few will lay in excess, in
some cases largely so, of the racial or strain average, and
that probably as many will be correspondingly below. Profit —
will depend upon the mean in relation to the cost, and
it is the raising of that mean which is desired. If we know
which are the better layers, and by using them as breeding —
stock are able to improve the average, that is a real gain.
Otherwise the benefit is not maintained, and it may be non- .
existent. Experience goes to prove that an animal excessive —
in any direction as compared with its breed average produces
progeny which revert to that average, and frequently fall ©
below it. It is, therefore, the mean upon whieh attention —
must be concentrated.

In spite of the abnormal conditions under which these con- |

tests are held, we may appreciate their value by careful
examination of the total results. Selected pullets from many rd

time they are received. =
a

For this purpose I have selected the Utility Poultry Club) . §

iQit.] LAYING COMPETITIONS. 581

contests for 1910-1911, and the South Australian contests
ending March 31st, 1911. In both instances there were two
places where the trials were conducted. The former were for
sixteen weeks, the latter for twelve months. Therefore, actual
comparisons are impossible. Further, the laying of each hen
is recorded in the English tests, which are much more com-
plete, whereas we have only the pen totais for Australia.
There are, however, important lessons to be drawn.
English (Utility Poultry Club) Competitions.

Two of these were held, one in Lancashire and the other in
Worcestershire. Inthe former there competed 34 pens (four in
each), or 136 birds; in the latter 78 pens, or 312 birds. The
final results in totals were as follows :—

No. of
Eggs General
Section. Laid. Mean.
ENORUeRN ve Soy to nes 1 OROSO 50°22
SOUUINERM RE lucien. i a E2202 39°62
Motale ese LO. 192 42°84

The differences are considerable, namely, that the birds com-
peting in the northern section gave an average of 10'6, or
more than 25 per cent., above those in the southern section.
From the returns published it would appear as if a large pro-
| portion of the birds moulted, and a smaller number became
broody, more especially in the southern section. Those which
| kept their feathers came out best. That fact is suggestive.
Too early hatching is almost as bad as when it is unduly
delayed.
In Diagram I. are shown the variations in number of eggs
_ produced by individual hens, indicating how many such hens
laid the respective numbers of eggs. I have been compelled
_ to take the eggs laid in groups of five, otherwise the diagram
would have been unduly extended. It will be seen that
_ i7hens failed to produce a single egg, 12 hens laid 1 to 5 eggs,
| 946 laid 46-50 eggs, and so on, until we arrive at the one which
laid 103 eggs. Although the frequency curve has conside:-
"able irregularities on both sides of the mean, these variations
_ are in the main very uniform. It is satisfactory to note that
_ the greater number of hens were above the mean. Had it not
_ been for the 17 eggless drones, the mean and the highest
-__ point would have been identical. The rapid fall above 60 is
, r _ very marked. |

lOCE., 101i

LAYING COMPETITIONS.

582

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584 LAYING COMPETITIONS. OCT:

One of the most interesting features is the difference of
individual hens in the same pen, which in some cases is very
great. It would be of value to know whether the hens sent
in one pen were sisters, or merely birds selected by the com-
petitors regardless of relationship. As showing the import-
ance of even laying, the four White Wyandottes, which
stood highest in the competitions with 301 eggs (an average
of 75°25 eggs), produced 73, 75, 76, and 77 respectively,
though one is stated to have gone broody. As against that
record the birds in the Buff Orpington pen, containing the hen
which made the highest individual score (103 eggs), produced ~
8, 48, 49, and 103 eggs respectively. Two of these moulted and
two became broody. Other similar instances could be cited,
but these will suffice. A careful study of the figures published
reveals that to a large extent the position secured was deter-
mined by whether broodiness or moulting supervened. Per-
haps the uncertainty in these directions adds to the interest of
the competitors. Breeders cannot have any guarantee against
either. In this case, again, the average is all-important.

In Table I. the figures are worked out for the entire flock,
and also for each breed. Here are shown standard deviations
from the mean of all the contestants and of the respective
races. For example, with the 68 Buff Orpingtons the breed
mean was 47°72, which was 4°88 above that of the entire
flocks; one hen did not lay at all. She was, therefore, 42°84
below the general mean; another hen laid 103 eggs, and was
60°16 above the general mean, and so on. Thirty-seven hens
were below, and 31 above the breed mean. In view of
what is shown in connection with the South Australian
competitions, the White Leghorns came out badly. Only
48 birds were entered for competition, of which three did not
produce a single egg; the breed mean was 35'92, or 6'92 below
the general mean; 26 were below, and 22 above the =
breed mean. The highest breed place was occupied by
Anconas, with a breed mean of 60°62, but of these there
were only eight competitors. With smaller numbers the risks
may be minimised. oe

South Australian Competitions. :
The contests in Australia are promoted and controlled by

the Agricultural Departments, and are on a larger scale than e
is usual in this country. They have been for one and two —

bd

IQII.]| LAYING COMPETITIONS. 585

_ years, a period which is much more satisfactory as a test than

sixteen weeks. During the last year two were held in South

_ Australia, one at the Roseworthy College, in the north of

the State, and the other at Kybybolite, in the south-eastern
section, where it is recorded that “the country is very wet and

_ cold in winter, which is of much longer duration than in the

north.’ In the former 89- pens (six in each), or 534 hens,
competed; in the latter were 40 pens, or 240 hens. The final
results in totals were as follows :—

No. of
Eggs General
Section. Laid. Mean.
INORG erat Sor hae) et TOD. 723 1O273
SOUpae ram wee. te newt 255005 146°1
Rota uc S775 178 "04

Here again the differences are very great, in that the birds in
the northern competition gave an average of 46°2 eggs, or
more than 30 per cent., above those in the southern competi-
tion. In twelve months the number which moulted or became
broody would be equalised to a greater extent than when the
period is limited to sixteen weeks. No record, however, is
given upon these points as in the English report. |
Unfortunately, for the sake of comparisons, we have to be

contented with the performances of each pen, as the individual

laying is not given. Consequently I am unable to deal as

fuily with the Australian contests as the English. Had such
figures been available they would have proved equally interest-

ing, and enabled us to see whether the same variations were
found between members of the individual flocks as in

-England. .

In Diagram II. is shown the average number of eggs pro-
duced by the respective pens, indicating the grades of pens in

felation to their average productiveness, again placing them
in groups of five. It will be seen that one pen produced an
: average of 100-105 eggs; that ten pens laid an average of
161-165 eggs; and that one pen attained the maximum by
an average of 252'16 eggs, or a total of 1,513 in all, of a selling
' value of £5 7s. 11d. The mean for all the flocks combined
Was 17804, and as a proof of the theory of frequency curves
as applied to egg-production when dealing with large
_- humbers, we find that one pen was at the top and one at the
bottom, and that the numbers of pens below and above the

general mean were 64 and 63 respectively. Nothing could

LAVING COMPETITIONS.

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1911.| LAYING COMPETITIONS. 587

emphasise more strongly that the test of these laying com-
petitions is to be applied by the mean, and not by what a few
heavy layers may yield.

TABLE II.—Standard Deviations in South Australian Laying
Competitions, IQIO-I1I.
(The long transverse line shows the mean of all breeds combined ;
the short line tn each column the mean of that breed ; the figures
am columns represent number of pens.)

ed
LayInG AVERAGES OF BREEDS COMPETING.
A; © °
BS | oy :
a= a 8 BY, es a ts a a a an vic
ta 7S) 2 2 w wh. a fa | S wv = ay)
See ee Se | Se ae Pe ees ee |S ia
Pee | 2s (Sek | oss) Sse) eee | ses | bog) as) ok
eee Ee ee eS eee ae fe |
& 4 4 Ae) 6 | = | sy CAR
a 2) |
IOO-105 | —75 04 t =a — — aE = I | hanes IOO-I05
106-IIO | — 70.04 — == — =H — Steet ae | TOOT TO
III-115 | —65'04 = = — — — _ — | = TLI-LI5
116-120 | — 60°04 5 — —- — I I 2 | I I16-120
E2I-125 | —55'04 4 3 = at = — — | 1 121-125
126-130 | — 50°04 | I = — — — — — | I 126-130
131-135 | — 45°04 | 4 3 = = = = Wag Vor tea hea eek
136-140 | — 40°04 5 3 I = — — Tega eee ee 136-140
141-145 | — 35°04 2 2 = = ps eS — | =| 141-145
146-150 | — 30°04 | 6 3 — — — a Bh cao 146-150
T51-155 | — 25°04 9 4 = = 2 I I I I5I-155
156-160 | — 20°04 2 1 — a iy I ame | as _ 156-160
161-165 | —15'04 10 2G > _ 3 re, rT | -— | 161-165
166-170 | — 1004 | 7 SyelRe Set seat eh 2 Sa Meee ed I 166-170
I7I-175 | — 5°04 4 3 = Se = I ae 7S
176-180 | Mean 9 6 = — | 2 — I — 176-180
SS EP 2 ET CS EEE SER ESD ECE TE
181-185 | + 504 7 4 a | EI I ey I == 181-185
186-190 | +10°04 4 |= 3 = = = — | I -- 186-19?
TQI-195 | +15‘04 | 5 8 = ae 2 =| = = IQI-1g5
196-200 | +20'04 | 8 | 7 ah — I =| Sal ie ales LOO—20°,
201-205 | +2504 | 4 4 = a = | - 201-205
206-210 | +30°04 4 2 a = 1 Sai == aan 200-219
2It—275 | +35°04 | 3 3 | — = — | = — | 211-215
216-220 | +40°04 38 8 earl = = = = alien 220
221-225 | +45‘04 | Gi 7 Sl re a aa = = 221-225
226-230 | +50"04 | 2 2 — =a | = — | = =e 220-296
231-235 | +55°04 3 3 =F ac wtaae Bit Akane — | 231-235
236-240 | +60'04 | 3 3 = el = = = — | 236-240
BAT 2459-65504 | 1 I = — ae — = —— J 241-245
246-250 | +70°04 _ —— ie _ = — — — 246-250
252°16 | +75'04 I I = = = — = = 252°1
Mean per hen, | 178°04 | 187°37 | 171'9t | 181'0 | 169°07 | 144°33 | 168*or | 139°23} Mean
| | | : | |
sas | il Rear
No. of pens below | |
Penmaes sc. N= (64 40 I — 9 I To | 3 | Below
No. of pens at | | |
GAT Roop so | 2 ~- — | I _ — Eo) —3|) St mean
No. of pens above |
MEAT es shiseac| 63 47 oa a 7 2 4 | 2| Above

Table II. contains the records for entire flocks and separate

breeds. In this the standard deviations are worked out.
These are much wider than in the English table, consequent
-upon the longer period of laying and the greater variations.

For example, a pen of Silver Wyandottes laid only 604 eggs,
Or an average of 100°66, and, therefore, had an average of

588 LAVING COMPETITIONS. OCR,

77°38 eggs below the general mean, and 67°35 eggs below the
breed mean. On the other hand, a pen of White Leghorns
produced an average of 252°16 eggs, and were thus an average ©
of 74°12 eggs above the general mean, and 64°79 above the
breed mean.

In contradistinction to the Roclich competitions, the White
Leghorns in Australia stand easily first, both as to the number
of competing birds (shown at the head of each column) and
the results attained. .Out of 129 pens, or 774 birds, competing,
the White Leghorns were represented by 87 pens, or 522
birds. Whatever may be the cause, such as breeding and —
selection or climatic influences, or all these factors combined,
the fact remains that 522 birds, sent in by many breeders.
produced an average of nearly 190 eggs in twelve months.
Were it not that these competitions are held under conditions
that admit of no doubt as to their reliability, suggestions
might be made as to errors, but the records. aye be accepted
as absolute.

A further point is that the published figures reveal a remark-
able maintenance of production throughout the entire year, as
is shown in Table III. In order to make this clear, in addi-
tion to the actual total of eggs produced, I have worked out
the index numbers, in which September, the month of highest
production, is taken as 100. It should be remembered that in
Australia the seasons are reversed, and that September corre-
sponds to March in the northern hemisphere :—

TABLE III. —Monthly Production in South Australian
hs UNITE: AOE I

Month. | Total No. of Eggs Laid. Index Numbers.

I9IO. |
April Peo es, een 6,481 41°68
Miag ie a eee 8,819 56°72
ifhel oan Seereee og a6 8,967 Ineea 617)
ye ee eer ee 9,558 61°47
AI OUSE eta eee 13,488 86°75
Seplempenr, (eae 15,548 100°00
Metonenars. ins oe 15,064 96°88
November §.-> | 15,034 .- 96°69 ©
December crete 14,073 90°51

IQII.
Janwary.. 5 ee. | 12,439 80°00
Mebruany ozo. ne te 9,481. - 60°98

Wianc lis ores oe a 7,949 Rl i2

I9QI1.] CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN DENMARK. 589

If British poultry-keepers could obtain in October 40 per cent.
of the eggs produced in March, many of our difficulties would
be solved. If that can be accomplished in Australia, why not
here ? :

The lessons to be derived from English and Australian
laying competitions are not that in the former one hen laid
103 eggs in 112 days, or that in the latter six hens produced
an average of 252°16 eggs in twelve months, but that in the
English contests out of entire flocks of 448 hens, 255, or more
than 52 per cent., produced between 31 and 70 eggs in the
sixteen weeks, and that in Australia 390 hens of all breeds of
the entire flocks, numbering 774, or nearly 52 per cent.,
averaged between 151 and 200 eggs in the fifty-two weeks.
That prizes must be awarded to the excessive layers is evident,
even though it is probably true that these phenomenal layers
have comparatively less influence upon general production
than those which are to a lesser extent above the mean. It is,
however, a question for consideration whether the pens which
are nearer to that mean should not obtain the greater encour-
agement.

The Danish Bureau of Statistics has recently published
some interesting figures, which may be read with the article
on the Growth of the Co-operative

Number of = Movement in Denmark published in
Co-operative Societies °
eeDenmark. the Journal for September, p. 469.

- These figures are of value as indicating
the comparative extent to which co-operation has been

_ actually adopted in Denmark. These figures were obtained

chiefly in connection with the live stock census of 1909, the
occupiers being asked to name the co-operative societies to

_ which they belonged.

Dairies or Creameries.—The increase in the number of co-

operative dairies during the last ten years has been small,
the explanation being that the existing co-operative dairies
embrace so large a proportion of the cow-keeping farmers in
| i Denmark that but little further extension is practicable. The
number of estate dairies, on the other hand, has decreased,
VIZ. 3—

590 CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN DENMARK.~ [OCT.,

L) ; .
Igoo. 1909.

Wo-operative dainles=4097 ny ses wae Oe 15 7
Dairies managed in common... ... 266 238
Estate "dacs: ase ise eme nee, 264 go

1,559 1,485

The census showed that there were in 1909 182,300 holdings,
possessing dairy cows to the number of 1,282,300, and that
no less than 93 per cent. of the holdings and 92 per cent. of
the cows belonged to persons affiliated to co-operative dairies
or to dairies under mutual management. The proportion of
those who remained outside the co-operative organisations
was found to be largest among the occupiers of farms of over
300 acres, though even on farms of from 300 to 600 acres, the
milk of only 20 per cent. of the cows was dealt with direct, and
on farms above 600 acres the proportion only rose to 33 per
cent. ,

Milk Control Societies.—These societies are naturally much
less widely distributed than the co-operative dairies. They
number, however, 519 societies, representing 12,800 holdings
and 226,000 cows. This is equal to 7 per cent. of the total
holdings, and 17°7 per cent. of the cows.

Co-operative Slaughterhouses.—The number of these insti-
tutions in 1909 was 34, and approximately one-half of the
holdings (carrying on pig-breeding) were affliated to them,
ViZ.:—

Per cent.
Fa ae
° : ; Holdings. Pigs. Holdings. Pigs.
Belonging to co-operative slaughter :
WOMSES 2 gir memes Sar bars 1 SOnA Om 926,220 47°6 63°9
Not belonging to co-operative :
slaughter-housesiy yen isha. pO 54209, 522,899 52°4 36°

Ege Export Societies. —Out of 288,000 holdings (keeping
fowls), about 52,000, or 18 per cent., were affiliated to associa-

tions for the collection of eggs, and these holdings carried }

3,150,000 fowls, or 27 per cent. of the total number.
Cattle Export Societies—These associations are not very
numerous, and out of 184,000 holdings with cattle only 8,400,

or 46 per cent., were attached to a society for the export of — i

cattle. :
Co-operative Breeding Societies —There are at present

1,884 co-operative breeding societies, i.e., societies maintain- |
ing a stallion, bull, or other breeding animal for the joint — ¥

[91t.)] AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS IN U.S. 5091

benefit of the members. Of these societies, 270 relate to
horses, 1,259 to cattle, 253 to pigs, and 102 to sheep. The
number of holdings affiliated to these societies is greatest’ in
the case of cattle, and least in the case of sheep, viz. :—

No. of Animals

No. of No. affiliated No. of Animals on Holdings
Holdings with to Breeding on all affiliated to
Animals. Societies. Holdings. Breeding Societies.
mGESeS... --..- 163,559 23,700 534,680 149,000
Cattle... .... 183,562 30, 300 2,243,889 536,000
Bice. 2... 18,276 7,150 1,466, 814 95,000
SITee) 2.) fn 5,378 900 726,026 8,000

It will be seen that approximately one-quarter of the horses
and cattle of the country, and about 6 per cent.-.of the pigs,
are kept on holdings affiliated to breeding societies.

According to the report of the Secretary of Agriculture of
the United States for 1910, there are now sixty-two agricul-
tural experiment stations in active work

Agricultural in that country. Fifty-five of these
Exp — stations receive appropriations provided
Teeted States. 1On Dye NCis Ol .7-Congress,, which

amounted to £269,000 in the fiscal year
1909-10; in addition, £200,000 was contributed by the state
legislatures, and £150,000 was received by the stations as fees

for analyses of fertilisers, sales of farm products, and from

other local sources. The total annual revenue is over
4,600,000, as compared with half that sum in 1905.

In 1906 the United States Congress passed the Adams Act,
by which the stations were granted additional funds from the

_fmational exchequer. Under the terms of this Act the grant

was to be increased annually for five years. The maximum

has now been reached, and the stations received £144,000

under the Adams Act during the fiscal year 1910-11. The
liberal policy of the United States Congress towards the

Stations has resulted in much larger appropriations by the
‘States, and a material increase of the revenues of the stations
from other sources. The Adams fund is restricted in its use to
Original research, and has enabled the stations to attack a

large number of the difficult problems of the agriculture of the

| United States. The scientific work of the stations has been
_ greatly increased in efficiency thereby. The state funds are
_ mainly used for the more practical work, including the main-
_ tenance of sub-stations, demonstration fields, agricultural

592 LIME FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSESA) ~ [oGr,

surveys, and a great variety of local experiments, as well as
for printing and disseminating the results of the experiments.
By this co-operation of the national and state governments in
fostering the stations, their operations have been greatly
strengthened, and the results of their work have been brought
more directly to the attention of farmers in every. part of the
United States. | : 3
The stations annually issue about 500 publications, which
are regularly sent to over 900,000 addresses, mainly those of
farmers. ‘The practical results of station work are also widely |
disseminated through the public press. Great progress, in
fact, is stated to have been made during the past decade in the |
direction of bringing the results of experiments home to the |
people whom they most concern. fae =
Less attention has been given to the publication of the
scientific work of the stations. This material has either been —
combined with the practical in popular publications, or issued |
in separate series, or published in an abbreviated formthrough
scientific journals. Recently there has been a growing ten-
dency to publish such material in foreign journals, in the
belief that thus it is more surely brought to the attention
of the scientific world. Having regard to the amount and
value of the scientific work of the stations, the present method |
of dealing with the publication of results is not regarded as_ |
very satisfactory. It is stated that “the scientific publications
of the stations are so fragmentary and scattered that it is very |
difficult even for workers in similar lines in the United States —
to obtain them in any complete way, and to the great world |
of science they are unknown.” A proposal has been made to |
establish, under national authority, a central medium for the |
publication of original reports of this scientific work. An item —
for expenditure for this purpose was included in the agricul-
tural budget of the United States. |

A case lately came to the notice of the Board in which a grey | .
lime was sold for agricultural purposes which proved on |
analysis to contain, in addition to 68 |

Lime oe per cent. of lime and 1°33 per cent. of |
Agricultural : = |
Purposes. magnesia, as much as 16°6 per cent. of | _

insoluble siliceous matter. While such — a
a lime would be suitable for building purposes, it would be =

ee a eS el le ie ae er ont

———s
eee

=

s
all 2S s
{

oar

=.
a

_ 5 parce =
x

Poll.) SUMMARY OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS. 593

quite unsuitable for use on the land, as, on being wetted, it

- would tend to set like cement. It is doubtless unusual for lime

having so large a content of silica to be sold for agricultural
use, aS purchasers would readily detect its unsuitability for
slaking, but farmers would be well advised when buying this
material to ask for a statement as to the amount of siliceous
matter present. In purchasing burnt lime, quicklime, lime-
shells, or caustic lime (all terms for one and the same material),
a guarantee should be obtained that it contains not less than

85 per cent. of pure lime (CaO) and not more than 4 per

cent. of magnesia (MgO). It may be noted in this connection
that the expressions pure lime, oxide of lime, oxide of
calcium or calcic oxide, sometimes made use of by sellers of
lime, all have the same meaning. Ground lime consists of
burnt lime ground to a fine powder, and should be similar
in quality to quicklime. Ground limestone, on the other hand,
is limestone rock—that is, more or less pure carbonate of
lime—ground to a fine powder. When the purer limestones

are used for this purpose, the percentage of carbonate of lime

may be expected to exceed 95 per cent. The Board’s leaflet
No. 170, on The Uses of Lime, may be obtained free of charge

-and post free on application.

PeMMARY OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS.*

| SOILS AND MANURING.
The Lime in Basic Slag (Jour. Soc. of Chem. Industry, Vol. 30,

No. 9, May 15, 1911).—In a paper by Mr. James Hendrick in the
_ journal of the Society of Chemical Industry in 1909, it was shown
that there is a much smaller percentage of free lime in basic slag

than is commonly represented, and that calcium carbonate is prac-

tically absent. At the same time, it was shown that there is a con-
siderable amount of ‘‘lime available as a base,” that is, lime capable
Of neutralising acidity in the soil and of acting as a base during
nitrification. An attempt was made to measure the available base
in basic slag, chiefly by distilling a solution of ammonium sulphate
with the slag and estimating the basicity from the amount of ammonia
given off. Ammonium sulphate was chosen on account of its being
_ extensively used as a fertiliser. It undergoes nitrification in the soil,

_ ™* A summary of all reports on agricultural experiments and investigations
‘ ~Fecently received will be given each month. The Board are anxious to obtain
2 for inclusion copies of reports on inquiries, whether carried out by agricultural
_ colleges, societies, or private persons. :

SiS

594 SUMMARY OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS. [OCT.,

with the production of nitric and sulphuric acids, and in order
that its action may not be harmful by rendering the soil sour these
acids must be neutralised as produced. This paper describes some
further experiments on the subject. It was pointed out that when
dilute solutions of ammonium salts are distilled, ammonia is given off,
and that consequently the ammonia given off in estimating the amount
of lime available as a base in basic slag might not be due to the basic
slag. By distillations of ammonium sulphate without basic slag
Mr. Hendrick found that ammonia was given off, but only in an
amount which, when stated as its equivalent in lime, would amount
to a very small percentage of the slag. He concludes that the results
in the former paper are not materially affected by the fact that
ammonia is volatilised when a dilute solution of ammonium sulphate
is boiled, but that these further experiments support the conclusion
that there is in basic slag a considerable proportion of lime capable of
acting as a base in the soil, and that a part of this lime is readily
liberated. Distillation with a solution of ammonium chloride provides,
however, a better method of determining the available base in slag
than distillation with ammonium sulphate. .

Finally, the glass of the vessels used for distillation in experiments
on ammonium salts may have a very appreciable influence, especially —
if alkaline solutions have previously been boiled in the glass.

Effect of Heavy Nitrogenous Manuring on the Quality of the Sugar
Beet (Osterr.-Ungar. Zeitschr. fiir Ziickerindusirie und Landw., 6 Heft,
(1909).—The application of large quantities of nitrogenous manures alone,
e.g., nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, and calcium nitrate, was
shown in these experiments to increase the weight of the leaves, both |
fresh and dry, to a much greater extent than the weight of the roots. —
The leaves being of small value compared with the roots, such manuring
will generally be unprofitable. The percentage sugar-content of the roots
was found to be lowered, and the quality suffered since the amount of
nitrogenous compounds in the roots which are detrimental in the
manufacture of sugar was increased, together with the content of the
roots in non-sugar substances, as a result of the increased application
of nitrogenous manures. In addition, heavy nitrogenous manuring
alone was found to reduce the manurial capital of the soil, especiaia
phosphoric acid.

Continuous Growing of Crops (Rothamsted Expt. Station, Annual
Report, 1910).—The season of 1910 proved very unfavourable for the crops |
at Rothamsted. The wheat, which has been grown on Broadbalk
Field since 1843, produced on the unmanured plot only 7°5 bushels per
acre; only on three occasions during the 67 years has it been lower.
The yields all round were low, the highest being 28 bushels per acre
on the dunged plot. On the plot without manure, but fallowed in
alternate years, the yield was little more than 9 bushels, not much |
better than on the unmanured plot with wheat every year, a result
which would be expected from the wet character of the winter. :

The yield of barley was also poor. The most noticeable feature |
was the striking results produced by superphosphate, the crop on the —
plots without phosphoric acid being very small. This prevails generally
in the experiments; phosphoric acid has its greatest effect in wet and
cold seasons. ae |

i911.]} SUMMARY OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS. 595

The permanent grass plots in the park also yielded much smaller

crops than usual, and the proportion of the leguminous herbage was

considerably below the average. The effect of lime on the half plots
was not so marked as usual, though its value was very apparent to
the eye on the plots on which the soil has become sour through con-
tinual applications of ammonium salts. On the limed portions of the
plots the peat that had accumulated previously has almost entirely
disappeared, and a close sward is beginning to form again.

Manuring of Mangolds (Univ. Coll. of N. Wales, Bangor, Agric.
Dept., Bull. ix., 1910)—The experiment was carried out at eight
centres on plots 34 acre in size. Ten tons of farmyard manure per
acre produced an increase of over 10 tons of roots per acre. Twenty
tons of farmyard manure gave only a small additional increase, and
either with or without artificials the extra ten tons appeared to give
an insufficient return to cover the extra cost.

Manurial Experiments (Wilts C.C. Agric. Educ. Com., Results of
Field Manurial Demonstrations, 1909—-10).—A series of manurial demon-
strations was arranged by the Agricultural Education Committee of
the Wilts County Council in 1909-10 on very similar lines to those of
the previous year. They are largely based on the scheme submitted
to the Board of Agriculture by the Agricultural Education Association,
and represent in each case a comparison between an unmanured plot
and a number of plots manured with various artificial manures applied
either singly or in combination. Tables are given showing the results
obtained at each centre separately, with a full account of the soil,
previous manuring, &c.

The first group related to the manuring of grass for mowing, and
plots were set out at six centres. The results obtained differed very
materially at each centre when compared with the unmanured plot.

"At one centre the same plots were used as last year, and here the

difference was large, owing to the residual effect of the manures
applied in the previous year.

The average result indicated an advantage from a complete dress-
ing, and also to a lesser extent from mixtures of two manures. The
direct effect obtained from the single manures was small. The quan-
tities applied per acre, either singly or in combination, were as fol-

-lows:—Kainit, 12 cwt.; basic slag, 2} cwt.; sulphate of ammonia,

¢ cwt.; superphosphate, 3 cwt.
The second group of experiments related to the manuring of
mangolds.. The average result showed the greatest advantage from a

complete mixture of kainit, superphosphate, and nitrate of soda.
‘Nitrate of lime appeared to be inferior either by itself or in
Combination to nitrate of soda. Generally the results supported the
_ View that nitrate of soda is the most important manure for mangolds,
_ while kainit occupies the second place. Superphosphate proved useful
in combination with other manures, though its effect when used alone

Was insufficient on the average to cover the cost.

In the case of swedes eight plots at four centres were laid out, and
the complete mixture gave the best result.

Two groups of trials at six centres were made with potatoes, the

distinction being that in one group kainit was used as a source of
‘potash, and in the other sulphate of potash. On the whole the kainit

Se

596 SUMMARY OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS. /[OCT., zt

group gave a somewhat better result than the Sun iere of potash
group. q

In the case of wheat, the trials appeared to show that nitrate
of lime was a better dressing than nitrate of soda.

FIELD CROPS.

The Best Seed of Potato Oats (West of Scotland Agric. Coll.,
Bull. 56).—It is well known that. Scotch oat seeds consist of singles
and doubles, a single having only a sterile rudiment in place of the
extra grain of the double. In threshing, the small grains or ‘“‘ seconds”
of the doubles are knocked away from the large grains or firsts, and
so a sample of oats actually consists of singles, firsts, and seconds.
The object of this experiment was to discover which of these three
kinds was most productive. Four thousand seeds of each kind were ~
sown after being tested for germinating power, on both manured
and unmanured plots. Taking the yield of the singles as 100, the =
relative yields of dressed grain were as follows :— |

Unmanured. Manured.
From Singles is ie 100 2 oe ea 100
From Firsts he ba 123 ie ia 162
From Seconds ae ae 64 ore of 109

As regards straw, the firsts were again the most productive, and
the seconds were as good as the singles. The experiment shows clearly
that firsts give the heaviest yield, so that the purchaser’s chief concern
in buying oats for seed should be to secure the presence of ee grains
with no rudiment at the end of the stalk. >

Varieties of Oats (Midland Agric. and Dairy College, Repts. on
Expts. with Crops and Stock, 1910-11).—These trials have been carried
out since 1905. In 1910 the varieties were tested at six centres in )
Lincolnshire, Nottingham, and Derby, but one proving unreliable, the —
following results are the averages of five centres only (all per acre):— |
Abundance, 50 bushels of 42 lb.; Triumph, 491 bush.; Propsteier, 483 |
bush.; White Horse, 474 bush.; Thousand yes He bush.; YVielder,
402 pack! Owing to the Gatnour bie season the yield of the best
variety was 5 bush. below that in 1909, and 20 bush. below that in
1908. Propsteier is a Swedish variety, differing from Abundance in |
being stronger in the straw, with larger and slightly coarser grain.
In most cases it was the last of all to ripen, very luxuriant in growth,
and where the crops were ‘‘laid’’ was the last to go down, and even
then did not lie so close to the ground as the other varieties. A point
against it on the English market is the rather dull white colour of |
grain. It gave the highest yield in 1909. A strong loam and a light —
loam on chalk seem equally suitable for this variety. The variety
Yielder, although ripening a week sooner than the other kinds, was —
in most cases disappointing as regards yield. It appears to be an |
oat giving the maximum yield on land in a high state of fertility
and in favourable seasons, conditions which did not prevail at the |
experimental centres.

a FOoIt.| SUMMARY OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS. 597

FEEDING.

@ Soy Bean Meal, Gocoa-nut Gake, and Linseed Gake for Dairy
- Gows (Midland Agric. and Dairy College, Repts. on Expts. with Crops
= and Stock, 1910-11.—These experiments were carried out early in 1911.
D Soy bean meal was compared with linseed cake in a ration for cows.
” Bight cross-bred Shorthorn cows, weighing between 1o cwt. and 11 cwt.,
were selected for the trial. The daily ration consisted of 2 lb. aed
meal (bran, sharps, and dried grain), 14 lb. hay, 7 lb. chopped straw,
56 lb. mangolds, and either 5 lb. undecorticated cotton cake or 4% Ib.
inseed cake, or 43 lb. soy bean meai. The experiment was arranged
o that four animals were fed for a fortnight on linseed cake and
the succeeding fortnight on soy bean meal, while’ the other four
animals during the month were given first soy bean meal and then
linseed cake. The undecorticated cotton cake was fed to all the cows
i in the week before and the week after this period. The whole
eight animals were thus fed for two weeks on each of the three
feeding stuffs under trial. The total milk yields were: from linseed
( cake, 2,6844 lb.; soy bean meal, 2,668 lb.; and undecorticated cotton
€, 2,625% lb. Linseed cake also gave a greater increase in live
ight—35 Ib. as compared with 9 lb. from soy bean meal—for the
ht animals. The quality of the milk from soy bean meal was
slightly superior to that from linseed cake as determined by the fat
and butter tests. The manurial residue from soy bean meal was
s superior to that from linseed cake. On the whole, taking into con-
eration the higher price of linseed cake, there was little to choose
ween this cake and soy bean meal.

Linseed cake was also compared with cocoa-nut cake. This trial
S carried out in the same way and with the same animals as the
ceding investigation, the quantities of feeding stuffs given in the
‘ration being 5 lb. undecorticated cotton cake, 43 lb. linseed cake,
nd 5 lb. cocoa-nut cake. The total milk yields from the eight animals
for a fortnight on each feeding stuff were:—Linseed cake,
2 Ib. 3 cocoa-nut cake, 2,429 lb.; and undecorticated cotton cake,
2 lb. The live weight increase was, however, greater in the case
cocoa-nut cake. The butter also from the latter cake was better
roured and of firmer texture. The results were financially in favour
f cocoa-nut cake, and this cake, at £6 15s. per ton, would appear
me: well worth consideration when linseed cake is more than £9

se of thé more digestible portions of butter fat, z.e., the fats
ng soluble and insoluble volatile fatty acids. Feeding See cocoa-
cake produced a butter in which the percentage of the above-
ned digestible fats is high, especially those insoluble in water.
utter from this source also appeared to have Be keeping
rties than linseed-cake butter.

| | DAIRYING.
a ‘Milk Records (Zancs. C.C. Educ. Com., Agric. Dept., Farmers’
3 No. 21).—With a view to demonstrating the value of milk records,

/

598 SUMMARY OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS. [OCT,,

the Lancashire County Council have now carried on tests for three
_years—in 1908 on fourteen farms, in 1909 on twelve farms, and in 1910
on twelve farms. Each herd was tested, as regards the yield and com-
position of the milk, once every three weeks, this having been found to
give results sufficiently correct for practical purposes. The total yield
for the three weeks was obtained by multiplying the yield on the day
of testing by i105, and the estimated yield half-way between two
testings by 105, and adding the two results. A number of points
elucidated by the records obtained are discussed in this report.

Farmers generally believe that heifers yield richer milk than older
cows. This is supported by the figures obtained. In the case of cows
two years old the average percentage of fat was 371, and of total
solids 12°71. These percentages decrease gradually but regularly with
older cows, until with cows of seven and eight years the composition is
360 per cent. of fat and 12°34 per cent. of total solids. ‘The yield, how-
ever, improves until the cows reach at least seven or eight years of age,
and it would therefore appear advisable to keep the animals until they —
have had at least four calves.

The usual great differences were found in the capacity of individual
cows. Taking the two best and the two worst cows at various ages
(twelve good and twelve bad cows in all), the average yield of milk of
the best cows was found to be nearly double that of the worst. It is
estimated that in the case of the former, after paying for the cost of
keep, a gross profit of #,10 per annum per cow is left, but with the
latter a loss of 3s. 8d. per cow. It may be assumed, therefore, that the
smaller-yielding cows in the herds tested gave little or no profit to the
owner. .

The opinion is often held that the milk of high-yielding cows is
poorer than that of cows with a lower yield, and that consequently
when a herd is kept for butter- or cheese-making the difference noted —
above is largely compensated for. The records obtained showed that ©
this was not the case. At all ages the milk of cows giving from 4,000
to 6,000 lb. per annum on the average differed little in composition -
from. that of cows giving from 2,000 to 4,000 Ib.—sometimes the per-
centage of solid was a little greater, sometimes a little less—and there-
fore, owing to the heavier yield, the former cows gave a much greater
total quantity of solids.

The records of seven of the herds have now been kept for three
years, and nearly all of these show a distinct improvement in yield and
composition of milk, which it is considered is at any rate partly due to |
the help afforded by the records in eliminating unsatisfactory animals
and improving the herd. _

Ghurnability of Gream (Jour. Roy. Agric. Soc., Vol. 71, 1910).—This
paper contains an account of investigations carried on at the Royal
Agricultural Society’s Show at Liverpool, and in the Cooper Research
Laboratory, with the object of finding an explanation of the peculiar
variation in the churnability of creams from different breeds of cows. |
It has been suggested, particularly by D’Hont, that the churnability of
cream depends upon the size of the fat globules present. In order
to discover the predominant sizes of fat globules in different milks,
microphotographs were taken, and the number of fat globules
of different sizes shown in the photographs counted. In this way six |

i i}

1911.) SUMMARY OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS. 599

samples of milk from individual Shorthorn cows and four from Guern-
sey cows taken at the Liverpool Show were examined. Differences
in the milks were obvious, e.g., the globules in one sample being
much more uniform in size than in another. From the results
which have been obtained at present, however, it is seen to be impos-
sible to classify the different breeds in relation to their globules, for
there is as much variation in the individual milks of the same breed
as there is in the different breeds. With many more figures it may
be possible to classify the milks from different breeds of English cattle,
but it is obvious that they cannot be divided into ‘‘large,’’ ‘‘medium,”’
and ‘‘small’’ globuled milks, as has been done by D’Hont in the case
of the milks obtained from some few English and foreign breeds.

A description is given of an apparatus which has been constructed
for measuring accurately the churnability of cream, another for churn-
ing a number of creams at once at a fixed temperature, for the purpose
of ascertaining the best temperature for churning creams from different
breeds, and also a new form of tube for accurately sampling milk.

WEEDS, AND INSECT AND FUNGUS PESTS.
Destruciion of Wild Radish by Nitrate of Lime (Mutt. der Deut.
Landw. Gesell., August 19th, 1911).—A note appears in this publica-
tion on the eradication of wild radish by nitrate of lime, by Herr
Ritter, of Damerow, near Rostock. The application of 30 to 35 Ib.
of nitrate of lime per acre was at first recommended as it was feared »
that larger quantities would harm the growing corn crop. Herr Ritter
now suggests that 50 lb. of nitrate of lime per acre must be applied to
obtain satisfactory results, this amount not causing any material
damage to the cereals. The treatment is naturally beneficial when
the soil is in need of nitrogenous manuring. Herr Ritter contradicts
the statement that the nitrate of lime must be applied when the plants
are wet with dew or rain, application of the material during dry,
windy weather having given excellent results. Charlock seems to be
more resistant to the treatment than wild radish.
Germination Experiments with Weed Seeds (Jahresbericht der
Vereinigung fiir angewandte Botanik, 1910).—The following summary
of experiments carried out at the Danish Seed Control Station at Copen-
hagen from 1896 to 1909 is taken from a paper read by Professor K.
Dorph-Petersen, Director of the Station, at the Second International
Seed Testing Congress at Miinster and Wageningen in rog1o.
Seeds of certain weeds were found to be capable of lying dormant
in the soil for a long period before germinating. In the case of such
well-known weeds as Thlaspi arvense, Sinapis arvensis, Geranium
_ moile, and Malva vulgaris, six to twelve years often elapsed between
_ planting and germination. The time that the seeds are kept before
planting would seem to have some effect on the rapidity of germination.
_ The degree of ripeness of the seeds affected germination. Unripe
_ Seeds often germinated more quickly than ripe seeds, although both
_ Were obtained from the same plant. In general, however, the ripe
seeds had a much higher germinating capacity, and retained their
‘germinating capacity longer than the seeds which were less ripe.
_ A trial was commenced in 1899 to ascertain the length of time
_ during which seeds of Plantago lanceolata and Sinapis arvensis will

600 SUMMARY OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS. [OCT.,

retain their germinating capacity in the soil. For this purpose pots
containing 100 seeds of each weed were placed at a depth of 12 in.
below the surface of the ground. From 1900 onwards a pot was dug :
up each year and the seeds allowed to germinate. In the case of y
Plantago lanceolata two-thirds of the seeds were dead by 1900, but |
after ten years 8 per cent. still retained their germinating capacity.
The germinating capacity of seeds of Sinapis arvensis was as high
after ten years (87 per cent.) as after one year. For purposes of com- _
parison seeds kept in dry storage since 1899 have been allowed to |
germinate in each year from 1900 onwards. The seeds of Plantago
lanceolata retained their germinating capacity very well in the first
few years, but by 1909 were all dead. The percentage of seeds of
Sinapis arvensis germinating after one year was 82 per cent., and
after ten years 24 per cent.

With a view to ascertaining the extent to which seeds will retain
their germinating capacity when placed at different depths in the soil,
pots containing seeds were placed at depths of 3 in.. ®in., and 12 in.
below the surface. The trial lasted over six years, and showed that
seeds placed at the greatest depth retained their germinating capacity
best. The seeds of cultivated plants, especially grasses, lost their
germinating capacity in the soil much more quickly than the related |
weed seeds. A few weed seeds, e.g., Agrostemma Githago, entirely
lost their germinating capacity in the soil in the first year.

Weed seeds were found to retain their germinating capacity after |
passing through the digestive tract of a cow and pig. Of the seeds |
of Plantago lanceolata and Matricaria inodora fed to a cow, the number
of the seeds in the manure which were found to germinate was 51 per
cent. and 26 per cent. respectively of the quantities fed. About 50 per |
cent. of the seeds of Rumex Acetosella and Chenopodium album passed
unharmed through the digestive tract of a pig. Seeds eaten by fowls
were, as a rule, found to be destroyed, but in the case of these two
latter weeds about 15 per cent. were unharmed. ;

Resemblance between Grown Gall and Nitrogen-Fixing Nodules (U.S.
Dept. of Agric., Bureau of Plant Industry, Circ. 76).—Specimens of |
lucerne, and crimson and alsike clover, were forwarded to the Labora- |
tory of Soil Bacteriology with a statement that although they appeared |
to possess the nitrogen-fixing nodules on their roots, the crop was not |
satisfactory. Investigation showed that these nodules, though re- |
sembling the normal nitrogen-fixing nodules, were really tumours
formed by the crown gall organism. Although not apparently destruc-
tive to clover, the organism might be transmitted through this host |
to sugar-beet or to fruit trees. 4

An account of the occurrence of crown gall in England was given
in this Journal for November, 1910, p. 617. s

Prevention of Finger-and-Toe in Turnips (West of Scotland Agric. |
Coll., Bull. 56).—In 1902 plots in a field that was very badly infected |
with finger-and-toe were set aside for experiments in preventing the
disease. The soil is a light loam in good condition, distinctly poor
in lime. In 1903, 1904, and 1905 turnips were grown, and in 1909.
swedes, the three years interval being taken up with a rotation of
wheat, seeds, and oats. In all these four years the disease kept up _
‘ts virulence, the crop on the untreated part of the land being almost

» 1911.] SUMMARY OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS. 601

q entirely destroyed in 1909, as well as in the three earlier years. The
_ yarious dressings were applied in 1902-3. Quicklime was used in two
' forms, (1) slaked as soon as it was brought from the kiln by pouring
' water over it, and applied to the soil in autumn, and (2) slaked in the
_ ordinary way, by being left in heaps in the field, and then spread
Y _ before ploughing. Of the former kind one ton per acre had but slight
_ effect on the disease after the first year of application, two tons was
more effective, and four tons produced a marked improvement in the
& crop, although even this dressing was insufficient to eradicate the disease
_ from a soil so thoroughly impregnated with it. Quicklime slaked in
the natural way was distinctly inferior to the other for the first few
years after application, but by 1909 there was little difference between
_ the two. Ground lime was only equal to the less effective of the two
forms of siaked lime, and was the most expensive. A dressing of
10 cwt. per acre of sulphate of copper applied along with the manures
in the spring of 1903 caused for the first three years a greater failure
of crop than the finger-and-toe, but in 1909 the crop on this plot was
mong the best in the experiment, which appeared to show that some
fiect had been ultimately produced. Kainit (10 cwt.) was to a certain
xtent beneficial, though not in the first year after application.

Potato Spraying (National Fruit and Cider Institute, Leafiet No. 5).
—Plots were sprayed once, twice, and three times respectively with
ordinary Bordeaux mixture and with ‘‘Woburn’’ Bordeaux mixture.
he attack of disease was severe and spraying was shown to be of
ndoubted benefit by prolonging the period of growth. Two sprayings
ere more effective than one, but no conclusions could be drawn as
the relative merits of the two forms of Bordeaux mixture or the
alue of a third spraying, owing to some of the plots being more open
infection than others.

Spraying of Potatoes (Univ. Coll. of N. Wales, Agric. Dept.,
wil. 5, 1910).—The spraying was carried out at nine centres in 1910,
he spray consisting of 24 lb. sulphate of copper, 30 Ib. pure washing
oda, and 120 gallons of water per acre.

_ The best results were obtained from spraying twice.

me) HORTICULTURE, CIDER AND, HOPS.

_ Varieties of Apples for Gider-making, and Effect of a Wet Season
. Fruit and Cider Inst. Report, 1910).—Owing to the character of
summer of 1909, difficulty was experienced in obtaining a suffi-
nt supply of fruit to carry on elaborate experiments, and the cider-
king on a practical scale was mainly concerned with the investiga-
m of the qualities of individual varieties. Details are given in this
Xeport of the character of eleven varieties of sharp cider, seven of sweet,
welve of bitter-sweet, and one perry, all of which were made in bulk
the cider-house. About 150 other varieties were made on a small
ale in the laboratory, and information oe them may be ob- —
‘a d from the Director of the Institute.

The influence of the abnormal summer of 1909, with its lack of sun-
e and excessive rainfall, was very interesting. ‘he quality of the
sh juices in nearly every case was considerably below the average.
€ specific gravity was, as a rule, several points lower than the

mal for the varieties concerned, and the amount of sugar was thus

602 SUMMARY OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS, [OCT.,

seriously reduced. The acidity, on the other hand, was decidedly higher
than usual, especially in the bitter-sweet varieties. The percentage of
tannin generally was appreciably below the average amount, except in
the sweet varieties. The rate of fermentation was almost invariably —
unusually rapid. The ciders themselves showed corresponding features.
There was a general lack of richness and body; and although in most
instances a fair average gravity was retained by .means of
repeated filtration, the liquor was wanting in the true fruity aroma and
flavour and in body, and depended mainly upon its sweetness for its
character. It was difficult to prepare satisfactory blends, since the acidity
of the malic acid and the bitter astringency of the tannin stood out in
striking fashion, and could not be masked sufficiently by the other
elements of flavour. The manner in which the tannin flavour predomi-
nated was very marked. Other features deserving of mention were the -
poor keeping quality of the fruit and the rapidity with which it matured.
Kingston Black apples, for example, were at the fittest state for milling
towards the end of October, whereas in a normal year they do not
- approach that stage until the end of November or the first half of
December.

Varieties of Apples, Pears, and Plums (Worcestershire C.C. Educ.
Com., Rept. on County Exptl. Garden, Droitwich, 1910). A large
number of different varieties of apples were planted from 1896 to 1898,
and in this report the crops produced by each in each year from 1900
to Igio are given. Of bush and standard trees the following are
considered to have shown themselves in the first rank at this garden
in producing regular and good crops of marketable fruit :—Bismarck,
Bramley’s Seedling, Ecklinville Seedling, Lane’s Prince Albert, Lord
Grosvenor, Lord Suffield, Potts’ Seedling, The Queen, Worcester Pear-
main, and Stirling Castle. Among sixteen half-standard trees on the
crab stock, Betty Geeson, Baxter’s Pearmain, Royal Jubilee, and Potts’
Seedling take the foremost position. Thirty-two vertical cordon trees
of different varieties were planied in 1898, and the crops for the last
twelve years are given. The total from thirty-two trees in I9I10 was
952 lb., and for the twelve years 806 lb.

A large number of varieties of pear and plum trees have also been
grown, and full particulars of the crop of each since 1900 are given,
and in the case of plums the average price realised for fruit of each
variety.

Pruning of Apples and Pears (Worcestershire C.C. Educ. Com.,
Rept. on County Exptl. Garden, Droitwich, 1910).—Twelve bush trees
of Lane’s Prince Albert were planted in 1899 for the purpose of testing
the results of good pruning, slight pruning, and no pruning on the-
fruitfulness of the trees, and the quality of the fruit. The records of
production since 1900 show that for some years pruning reduced the
quantity of fruit considerably, though its quality was higher, but by
1909 the carefully pruned trees gave nearly the same weight of fruit —

as the unpruned trees, while the market value of the fruit from the
former was more than twice as high as that from the latter. The

same plan was adopted with pears with similar results. <2

Manuring of Apple and Pear Trees (Worcestershire C.C. Educ. Com.,
Rept. on County Exptl. Garden, Droitwich, 1910).—In 1899 eight bush .
apple trees, Lane’s Prince Albert, and eight pears, Williams’ Bon =

mens) “CIRCULAR LETTER AS TO SWINE-FEVER. 603

Chrétien, were planted on four plots undergoing different manurial
treatment. The plots were manured primarily for the vegetable crops
to be grown on them, four different classes of manure being used.
In other respects the treatment of the trees has been equal. The total
crops produced by each pair of trees with a different manurial treat-
ment have been as follows, for ten years ending i1g10 in the case
of apples and seven years ending 1910 in that of pears :—

Apples. Pears.
Ib. Nop
Garden refuse..." ... >... §83 (2nd quality) 121 (2nd quality)
SUOMI AMUE I Sect ose Ca 4 OLSEN ya 8) BO FOCUS Osea lea)
Inorganic chemicals BS (QuGe eee sch!) LOT) (graduate a)

Inorganic chemicals and ;
Stable manure ... ... 905 (extra fine quality) 279 (Ist

39? )

Pruning of Gooseberries (National Fruit and Cider Institute, Report,
Ig10).—The experiments on ‘‘light”’ and ‘‘hard”’ pruning have now
been brought to a conclusion on account of overcrowding by the apple
and pear bushes among which the gooseberries were interplanted. The
bushes were planted in 1905, and have been pruned since 1908 on the
two systems, before 1908 all being pruned on the ‘“‘hard”’ system. In
the ‘‘hard’’ system, which is usual outside fruit-growing areas, the
leading shoots are clipped back fairly hard, and the laterals still
harder, so that the bush becomes round and dense. In the ‘‘light”’
system the leading shoots are not cut back so closely, while the laterals
are more reduced than in the other system. The result is a com-
paratively straggling and open bush. Ease and economy of time in
gathering the fruit and an improved quality of berry are the advantages
claimed for the ‘‘light’’.system. The effect on the crop is disputed,
and this experiment is intended to deal with the point. The results
cover a period of three years, and the total yield in that time was
2,395 |b. from the ‘‘light”? pruned bushes and 1,988 from the others.
Considering the varieties separately the advantage of “‘light’’ pruning
was most striking in the case of Crown Bob and Whinham’s Industry,
less so with Lancashire Lad, while Keepsake gave practically equal
results with the two methods. Unless considerations of space necessi-
tate the restriction in size of the bushes, the “light ’’ system of pruning
appears to be undoubtedly preferable.

OREICIAL NOTICES AND CIRCULARS.

The following circular letter, dated September 4th last, has been

addressed to Local Authorities in Great Britain under the Diseases

Sam of Animals Acts, 1894 to Ig1I :—
Circular Letter Sir,—I am directed by the Board of Agri-
ae to culture and Fisheries to send to you, for sub-
. Swine-Fever. — mission to your Local Authority, the enclosed
copy of the Interim Report of the Departmental Committee on Swine-
_ Fever, together with copies of an Order which has been made by the

ia Board giving effect to certain Recommendations made by the Com-
-———s Miittee. =A notice requiring the publication of the Order in the District

“of your Local Authority is also sent herewith.
2. The Order will come into operation on the Ist prox., and carries,

5 : out Recommendations Nos. (iv), (v), and (vi) of the Committee as to (a)

604. CIRCULAR LETTER AS TO SWINE-FEVER.. [OCT.,

the compulsory keeping of registers by pig-dealers, owners of boars,
and castrators; (b) the cleansing and disinfection of vehicles used for
the conveyance of swine to markets; and (c) the extension of the dura-
tion of movement licences; provision is made as to cleansing and
disinfection by castrators of swine, and the requirement of the con- al
veyance of swine in a float, cart, or van while being moved with a
licence (Form D) under the Swine-Fever (Regulation of Movement)
Order of 1908 is dispensed with. oo.

3. In pursuance of Recommendation No. (viii) of the Committee,
arrangements have been made by the Board with H.M. Stationery
Office for the placing on sale of the principal forms used in connection
with the Board’s Orders under the Diseases of Animals Acts. Par-
ticulars as to the forms and their prices can be obtained on application
to The Controller, H.M. Stationery Office, Storey’s Gate, Westmin-
ster, London, S.W.

4. With a view to give effect to Recommendations Nos. (vii) and
(ix) as to the granting of licences, the interchange of declarations, and
the collection of licences after use, the Board suggest that steps should
be taken by Local Authorities, where this has not already been done,
so that the executive duties—as distinct from professional duties falling
to be performed by veterinary inspectors—in connection with the ad-
ministration by Local Authorities of the Diseases of Animals Acts and
Orders made by the Board thereunder should be carried out by the
Police, acting as Inspectors of the Local Authority under the direction
of the Chief Constable as Chief Inspector. These executive duties
include, in addition to those imposed by section 43 of the Act of 1894,
the service of notices, the issue of licences, the supervision of the
detention of animals, and the supervision of the disposal of the carcases
of animals affected with or suspected of scheduled diseases. In the
case of County Local Authorities, it is desirable that every Police
Constable should be appointed as an Inspector for the purpose, at any
rate, of the issue of licences for the movement of animals, in order
to minimise as far as possible any inconvenience when the owners of
swine have occasion to move them. The arrangements suggested
would, moreover, facilitate the systematic checking of ees and
the collection of licences after use.

5. As regards Recommendation No. (xi), I am to say that the
desirability of veterinary supervision over all public sales of swine has
formed the subject of communication between the Board and Local ‘# |
Authorities on various occasions, and it was with a view to make such
veterinary supervision more effective that the Board in the Swine-Fever
Order of 1894, and again in Article 15 of the Swine-Fever Order of |
1908, empowered Local Authorities to make Regulations as to the
entry of swine into markets and sale-yards in their Districts. The
apparently negative results that have sometimes followed the veterinary 4
supervision of swine at public sales and the cost of such supervision
have, in certain instances, been urged by Local Authorities as a reason
for the discontinuance of veterinary inspection in cases where for a
time it had been undertaken, but the absence of disease in markets ate
which a veterinary surgeon attends clearly shows, in the Board’s
opinion, that the presence of a veterinary inspector acts as a valuable
deterrent against the exposure of diseased animals, and that the object

F.

I9I1I.] OUTBREAKS OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE. 605
9

of the inspection is thus indirectly, as well as directly, attained. The
exposure of diseased swine at markets is one of the most common
means by which swine-fever is disseminated, and it has frequently
necessitated the declaration by the Board, in the interest of pig-owners
in other districts, of a Swine-Fever Infected Area in the district served
by a market at which diseased swine have been exposed. The loss and
inconvenience occasioned to pig-owners by the necessary restriction on
the movement and marketing of swine in an Infected Area far outweigh
the expenses entailed by the veterinary examination of swine at
markets. The Board have not at present considered it necessary to
require the veterinary inspection of swine at all markets by Order,
inasmuch as they think that arrangements for this purpose can properly
be made by Local Authorities as regards their respective Districts,
but the Board would urge upon every Local Authority the desirability
of their giving earnest consideration to this matter. In order that
veterinary inspection may be rendered effective, it is important that
Regulations should be made by Local Authorities under Article 15 of
the Swine-Fever Order of 1908, if this has not already been done, limit-
ing the mode and time of entry to the principal markets or sales in
their Districts, so as to secure that all swine are examined at the
entrance, and before admittance. to the market-or sale.

6. The Board would be glad if you would be so good as to inform
them in due course of the action taken by your Local Authority under
paragraphs 4 and 5 of this letter.

I am, &c.,
io HE LErorr,
Secretary.

t

The Board of Agriculture and Fisheries have issued a new Order
relating to American Gooseberry Mildew,
dated September 11th, 1911, which came into
operation on October 1st last, and by which
the American Gooseberry Mildew Order of

American Gooseberry
Mildew Order
of 1911.

Ig09 is revoked.

5 The Board of Agriculture and Fisheries withdrew as from Septem-
ber 25th, all the general restrictions which were imposed by them on
the movement of animals in connection with

ee of the recent outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth
oot-and-Mouth Disease at West Hallam, Derbyshire.
Disease. A report of a suspected outbreak of Foot-

_ and-Mouth Disease at Wittersham, Kent, a few miles from Udimore,
where the recent serious outbreak of the disease occurred, was received

es by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries on September 12th. The
_ animals were carefully examined by a Superintending Veterinary Officer

| = of the Board and found not to be affected- with Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

The existence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease amongst dairy cows at

Be: Manor Farm, Middlezoy, near Bridgwater, Somerset, was confirmed

toe on September 29th. Sixteen cows, out of a total of eighteen cows on

_ the premises, were found to be affected with the disease. —

The usual precautions were taken to prevent the spread of the

606 IMPORTATION REGULATIONS. [OCT.,

disease, and an Order was issued prohibiting the movement of animals
in a large area surrounding the affected farm.

The Board directed the slaughter of all the diseased animals and
of all others that were exposed to infection. Prior to completion of
slaughter the disease was detected amongst certain contact cattle
which had been pastured in a field adjoining that in which the disease
first appeared. :

Importation into Russia, Free of Duty, of Preparations for Combating
Plant Diseases.—With reference to the note on this subject which
; appeared in this Journal for March, 1io11,
Importation p- 1031, the Board of Trade are now in receipt -
Regulations. of a list of the preparations to be accorded duty-
free admission. This list is as follows :—Sulphur, all kinds; blue copperas ;
iron copperas; sulphocyanate of potassium; the preparation known as
‘‘bouillie instantanée Eclaire’’; ‘‘ verdet excelsior’’; lead arsenic (plum-
bum arsenicum); sodium arsenite; polysulphides of sodium; verdet
vermorel (acetate of copper); ‘“‘renommée No. 1, Fama”; “‘renommée
No. 2, Soufrée”’; “bouillie bordelaise Schlosing ”; = bouillie UU. U2
Gimel’’ (Unique usage); oxychlorate of calcium; bisulphide of calcium;
paper for rings required for covering up trunks of trees; formalin.

Permission to import the above-mentioned preparations duty-free
from abroad will be granted, without presentation of special vouchers
from the Department of Agriculture, to all Government institutions
engaged in the destruction of pests noxious to agriculture. Such insti-
tutions are to accept all responsibility for the proper use of these pre-
parations.

Permission will also be given to ‘‘ Zemstvos,’’ agricultural socicties,
and—as regards preparations capable of being used solely for the
destruction of pests noxious to agriculture and for no other technical
purposes—also to private firms, upon presentation in every case by
such “‘ Zemstvos,’’ agricultural societies, and private firms of a special
voucher from the Department of Agriculture or persons duly authorised
by the Department which shall exercise supervision over the application
of the preparations specified. (Board of Trade Journal, August 31st,
IQII.)

Importation of Live Stock into Ireland.—The Board of Agriculture
and Fisheries have been informed by the Department of Agriculture
and Technical Instruction for Ireland that in consequence of the con-
firmation by the Board on the 2oth ult. of the existence of Foot-and- -
Mouth Disease at Middlezoy, near Bridgwater, Somerset, the Depart-
ment have again prohibited, for the time being, all importations into
Ireland from Great Britain of cattle, sheep, goats, or other ruminating
animals, or swine. Equine animals do not come within the scope of
this prohibition, and, consequently, horses, asses, or mules may still
be imported into Ireland from Great Britain if accompanied on each ~
occasion by the necessary permit from the Department in Ireland.

Importation of Potatoes into South Africa.—The Board of Agricul-
ture and Fisheries desire to give publicity to the new regulations issued .
by the Government of the Union of South Africa, whereby potatoes —
will be admitted from any part of the British Isles, provided that eacl :

’

font}; NOTES ON THE WEATHER IN SEPTEMBER. ° 607

consignment is accompanied by a declaration from the consignor
stating where the potatoes were grown, and also a certificate from
the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries declaring that so far as they
are aware no outbreak of Wart Disease (Black Scab) of potatoes has
occurred within a radius of five miles from the locality where the
potatoes were grown.

Applicants for the Board’s certificate must forward a declaration
signed by the grower of the potatoes stating where the potatoes were
grown, and giving the name of the parish and county in which the
farm is situated. The grower must also declare that no case of Wart
Disease has occurred on his premises.

International Exhibition at Ghent in 1913.—H.M. Consul-General at
Antwerp reports that active preparations are already being made for
an International Exhibition, which is to be held

ee at Ghent in 1913. Ghent is a world-renowned
xhibition horticultural and agricultural centre, and
Abroad. H.M. Consul-General strongly recommends

British firms to exhibit in the horticultural and agricultural sections,
as the machinery and tools commonly in use in Belgium are not of
the excellence of those produced in the United Kingdom.

The weather during the first week (August 27th to September 2nd)
was fair to fine over Great Britain on the whole, but in Scotland rain
eee on the eh rather educate Temperature wee

é very unusual” in England E., the excess

Weather in above the average amounting to more than

September. 5°, and elsewhere the temperature was classed

as “‘unusual.”” Rainfall was more than the average in Scotland N.

and W., but less elsewhere; in England E. the fall was less than o'r in.

“Abundant” or ‘‘very abundant’? sunshine was recorded in all dis-
tricts, the excess above the normal being very uniform.

In the second week the conditions were again fine and dry. over
the country generally. Warmth continued ‘‘unusual” or ‘‘very un-
_usual,”’ the excess over the average temperature being very large in
most parts of England. Rainfall was generally slight, the fail over
England amounting to less than o'1 in.; a moderate rainfall was
€xperienced in Scotland E. and N. Bright sunshine continued
“abundant”? or ‘‘very abundant” except in Scotland N., where it was
_ slightly below the normal.

_ The conditions varied over the country in the third week. Tem-
peratures were much lower and differed little from the average over
a considerable portion of Great Britain; in the three districts, England

ee) S.E., and S. W., warmth continued ‘‘unusual’’ however. Rainfall -

Was unequally aecributed| but was considerably above the average only
in northern England and the English Channel; in Scotland there was

a a large deficiency. Abundant sunshine still son inne’ to be experienced

in most districts, but in Scotland E. and W. and England N.E: and
nN. W. it had dropped to “moderate.”
During the fourth week the weather was fine and dry in nearly all

608 - AREA UNDER CROPS, EUG, 1ohu: = OCI

districts until about the middle of the week, when a decided change
in the conditions took place. Over the whole week temperature was

below the average in all districts, a condition which had not prevailed —

since the closing week of June. Rainfall was in excess of the average
in all districts excepting Scotland E. and W.—largely so in England
S.W. and the English Channel. As a general rule bright sunshine
was ‘“‘abundant’’ in the eastern parts of the country and ‘‘scanty”’
in the western districts.
During the fifth week the conditions were very unsettled, and
almost every part of Great Britain experienced frequent rain, the falls
being heavy in many localities. There were, however, considerable
intervals of fair to bright weather. On the whole, temperature differed

little from the normal, but was below it in Scotland and above it over -

the greater portion of England. Rainfall differed greatly in amount
in the various districts. The fall in England S.W. was ‘“‘light,’’ in
Scotland E. and W., England S.E., and the Midlands it was ‘‘ mode-

rate,’ and in Scotland N., England N.E., E., and N.W. it was |

‘“*heavy.”’ Bright sunshine exceeded the average, the excess being
large in several districts.

The preliminary statement of the Agricultural Returns collected in

June last shows a further reduction, by 51,272 acres, of the cultivated *

area of Great Britain, arable land having
decreased by 20,786 acres and permanent pas-
ture by 30,486 acres. The acreage of wheat

Area under Crops
and Number of
Live Stock, 1911.

of 1,906,043 acres, being a larger area than has been recorded in any

year since 1899. The acreage of barley, on the other hand, declined by

VA TS OC:

Per Per
| Lo. No. LVo. Cent. No. Cent.
Horses used for Agricultural pur- |
poses (includ. Mares for Breeding) | 1,087,054} 1,136,915 — — 49,861 | 44

One year and |

Unbroken horses Liou aul 272,674 282,281 = — 9,607 | 3°44

(includ. Stallions) | \ Under one year 120,847 126,180 a a 53333 0)

ToTAL ee ¥ BB 1,480,575] 1,545,376 oon il 64, 80r
Other Horses Bo i: pat 146,818 =. = i a
ToraL ofr HorsEs ... ||| Pl sOAnoos = oan ae =
\| ee — SS
In Milk.. 2,229,115 2,225,109 4,006 | 0°2 aa
een Ie Calf, but not in
Milk ... | 595,934 542,509 53.425 | 98 >
} Other Cattle :—Two years ‘& above en kes 394, 045 | 1,353,195 40,850 | 3/0 ae
5 », Oneyear &undertwo || 1, 5485, 959 | 1,519,562 ae oy 33,603
= » Underone year ... | 1,409; 214 1 | 1,396,952 12,259 | 0° re
| uk NONE
TOTAL OF CATTLE /.,: . || 7,414,264! 7,037,327 79,937 | 7T =
Ewes ae for breeding... 10,443,488 | 10,665,644 ee po 222,156
Other Sheep :—One year & above 5,500,874 | 5,487,317 13,557 | 92 aaa
aa mn Under one year ... | 10,550,630 | 10,949,984 re re 3993354
tee OF SHEEP an ... || 26,494,992 | 27,102,945 — | = |} 607,953
= | er

_ PS SS | ea

Sows kept for Breeding aS es 397,789 331,478 66,311
Other Pigs ... Bc .. || 2,424,365) 2,018,468 405,897

ToTat oF Pics... ee || 2,822,154 2,349,946 472,208 leorr —

wae i)

a

increased by 97,189 acres, and reached a total ca

Leng — — SS
i i a i

-

yee

IQII.] AREA UNDER CROPS, HEC), -1Ort. 609

130,734 acres, and reached a smaller total than any yet recorded.
There was practically no change in the acreage of oats, but the acreage
of beans recovered the loss shown in last year’s returns. The potato
area increased by 6 per cent. (32,330 acres), and thus nearly reached
the total recorded in 1909. Mangolds also have slightly extended, but
other roots show a somewhat diminished acreage. There is some

PRELIMINARY STATEMENT for 1911, compiled from the Returns collected
on the 5th June; and comparison with 1910.

CROPS:
DisTRIBUTION. ASA es) IQIO.’ INCREASE. D ECRBEASE.
| Per | Per
Acres. Acres. || Acres. |Cent.|| Acres. \Cent.
Tora ArEA(excluding WATER) || 56,214,419 | 56,214,419 || 9 — a eae ourG S|
Torat ACREAGE under all Crops |; |
and Grass (a) ... ae ... || 32,094,658 | 32,145,930 || aoa re 51,272 | O'2
; ARABLE LAND a5 £5 ... || 14,648,104 | 14,668,890 | _ = 20,786 gape
| wane of
For Hay || 5,002,764) 5,004,943 oar ay 2,179 | OO
[Not for
PERMANENT GRAss (a) Hay... || 12,443,790 | 12,472,097 = = 28,307 | o'2]
eee 17,446,554 | 17,477,040 | = = 30,486 | o'2}
ieee... «|| 1,906,043] 1,808,854 || 97,189 | 5°2 Bera
Barley (including Bere) ... 3s 1,597,947 | 1,728,68z || = = 130,734) 7°6
Oats: ~... dee a Sah 32; 3,010,649 | 3,020,974 || _- -- 10,325 | 0°
2 cog Bae 46,374 46,249 || — -- 1,875 | 3°9
Beans ... ie Ea a4 aa 311,833 270,042 41,791 |15 5 a =
eas ... ae ah a as 167,917 168,728 _ — 811 | ov
- | Buckwheat ... ae Ben # 5,751 4,997 754 |I5°L ae =
Potatoes 5 as an a 672,014 539,084 32,330 | 6'0 = =
Turnips and Swedes Bt. oa 1,568,246 | 1,565,345 — — 2,099 | o'r
Mangolds ... aa 5S ae 452,250 442,779 9,471 | 2°7 — |p
Cabbage... aba ae me 65,179 61,929 3,250 | 5°2 zi —
Kohl-Rabi_... ae she a 13,330 14,880 = = 1,550 | 70'¢
Rape ... fe a a ae 78,573 81,722 = oa 3.149 | 3°90
Vetches or Tares_ ... BG <i. 110,544 104,604 5,940 | 5°7 = i
ae | eee 53,140 58,505 = ai 51365: 9°2
Carrots a5 Ea me a 11,248 10,724 524 | 49 ae | ee
_ | Onions... na eter ee sh 4,221 4,038 183 | 4:5 Tare —
Pblax... a5 Bat ne a 449 229 220 |9O'Ir rer —
1S po 955 ra 33,056 32,886 170 | OF Te Se
| Small Brit. es: Bs ach 84, 304 84,309 || — — Sl 050
= ae | —— SS =
For Hay | 2,074,879 2,074,579 300 | o°0 —- js
| Clover and Roration | Not for !
ae +a Hay... || 2,045,245 | 2,082,458 || — — 37;213 | rs
(Torar...|| 4,120,124| 4157.037 || — | —|} 360: | o9
_ | OTHER Crops oe si se 110,509 105,684 4,825 | 476 ae | oe
i Bare FaLtow ae a a 329,403 354,010 — — 24,607 | 7°9
“JORcHaRDS (O) eee ae ae 250,669 250,673 — = 4 | O70

(a) Excluding Mountain and Heath Land used for grazing (12,875,660 acres in 1911).
(6) Any Crop or Grass grown in Orchards is also returned under its proper heading.

indication of a revival of the cultivation of flax, which forty years ago
Occupied about 20,000 acres, but in recent years has almost disappeared.

| The acreage of hops also for the second successive year shows a slight

_ extension, though it is still nearly 12,000 acres less than it was so
_ fecently as 1907. The acreage under fruit, which for several years
_ Up to I909 had increased annually, now remains stationary.

The returns of horses on agricultural holdings have been collected

. | this year in fuller detail than heretofore. In addition to horses used for

Ter

610 CROP CONDITIONS ON OCTOBER IST. Loc;

agricultural purposes, mares kept for breeding and unbroken horses,
a return has been obtained for the first time of other horses kept on
farms. The number of these is returned as 146,818, but it is probable
that in previous years some now returned under this heading may have
been erroneously included in the returns. The reduction shown in the
classes for which a comparison is possible is therefore in all probability
less than the figures indicate. The number of cattle returned on
June 5th was 76,937 more than in ig10, the total now being the
largest on record. The number of sheep declined by 607,953, and
thus fell lower than in any year since 1907. On the other hand, pigs
increased by no less than 20: per cent., the total number being restored
to the same level as in 1908.

The reports furnished by the Crop Reporters of the Board on the
agricultural conditions on October 1st show that such corn as was still
outstanding at the end of August had all been

Crop Conditions harvested during the past month, mostly

in Great Britain within the first week, and that only in the

on October Ist. extreme north of Scotland was any remaining
to be secured. an .

Potatoes were not suited by the weather of September, and a small
deterioration is to be noted. Some progress has been made with lifting -
in most districts, and the tubers generally prove to be small. Second
growth is common, but, on the other hand, the crop is generally very
free from disease. The yield, in Great Britain as a whole, is expected
to be about 96 per cent. of an average crop.

Roots have suffered badly during the month, particularly turnips
and swedes. The rains at the end of August encouraged hopes that |
turnips and swedes would improve, but the subsequent hot drought
in the first fortnight of September proved disastrous, and the more
suitable weather in the latter half had no effect in retrieving the |
situation. A very few good crops are reported from parts of Wales |
and western Scotland, but elsewhere even average crops are exceedingly x
scarce, and by far the greater number of the reports describe them as —
very bad and mildewed. Mangolds have done better than turnips and |
swedes, and bad yields are not nearly so universal; still, the crop ©
generally is much below normal. Representing an average yield by
too, the appearance of the roots on October 1st indicated yields for
Great Britain which may be represented by the following percentages:
turnips and swedes, 78; mangolds, 91.

The early harvest of. 1911 has allowed good progress to be made
with autumn cultivation on all light soils; but heavier lands, in the ’
absence of sufficient rain, remained in many districts too hard for |
working. Fair breadths of wheat had already been sown in various |
districts throughout England, even as far north as Durham, although y
this work was perhaps more backward in the east. 4

‘Seeds’ are not at all satisfactory, except in some districts in the ©
north of England. Many fields have practically perished during the 4
drought, and most others are thin and patchy. In many localities —
seeds have been ploughed up, and the land planted with mustard and
other catch crops, especially in the west and south-west. =

A pt. = a3
ie “tpn: eres ae

IQIt.| NOTES ON CROP PROSPECTS ABROAD. 611

Pastures have generally remained very bare, and live stock cannot
be regarded as being in good condition, except where artificial foods

have been given. This has been frequently necessary, and, failing it,

stock have, as a rule, done badly.

The Bulletin of Agricultural Statistics for September, 1911, issued
by the International Institute of Agriculture, shows the production oi
the cereal crops this year from information

Notes on Crop received up to September 2oth. The coun-

Prospects Abroad. tries for which it is possible to give an approxi-
mate estimate of the production are as fol-
lows :—In Europe: Prussia, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, France, Great
Britain, Ireland, Hungary (including Croatia and Slavonia), Italy,
Luxemburg, Netherlands, Roumania, Russia in Europe (63 govern-
ments), Switzerland; in America: Canada and United States; in Asia:
India, Japan, Russia in Asia (10 governments); in Africa: Algeria
(Departments of Alger and Oran), Tunis.

The inclusion of France and Russia this month has materially
modified the figure showing the relative total. production this year
as compared with last year, and with the exception of wheat the
yield of the cereal crops is not expected to reach last year’s output.

Wheat.—The total area under wheat in all the countries named —
Exceeds that Of I910 by 3.5 per cent. The production of wheat in
France is estimated at 40,006,000 qr., as compared with 31,593,000 qr.
last year. In Russia-in-Europe the yield is expected to be 69,272,000 qr.,
or 877 bush. per acre,.as compared with 11°15 bush. per acre last
year.

For Russia-in-Asia the estimated yield is 9,928,000 qr., or 7°88 bush.

per acre, compared with 907 bush. per acre in 1910. The production this

year is larger than last year’s in Spain, France, United Kingdom,
Hungary, Italy, Canada, and India, and is smaller than last year’s
in Prussia, Roumania, Russia, and the United States. The total pro-
duction for all the countries included this month is 381,009,000 qr., as
compared with 379,253,000 qr. in I910, or an excess of o'5 per cent.
Rye.—The production of rye in France is estimated to be

5,612,000 qr., an increase of 460,000 qr. as compared with last year.
_ In Russia-in-Europe the yield is expected to be 91,610,000 qr., or 10°41
bush. per acre, against 11°45 bush. last year. The total production, of
tye in all the countries specified (excluding Great Britain, Canada,
India, Japan, Algeria, and Tunis) is 159,183,000 qr., as compared with
165,173,000 qr. last year, or a decrease of 36 per cent. The area
_ Planted is greater than that of 1910 by 19 per cent.

Barley.—The yield of barley in Russia-in-Europe is anticipated to

teach 51,085,000 qr., or an average production per acre of 14°63 bush.,
_ 48 compared with 15°70 bush..in 1910. The total production in all

the countries named above (excluding France and India), is estimated
_ to be 135,305,000 qr., as against 136,027,000 gr. last year, or a decline
i 26 0° 5 per cent. The area planted is almost equal to that of 1910.

Oats.—The production of oats in Russia-in-Europe is anticipated

‘to be 86,554,000 qr., or a yield per acre of 1624 bush., as compared

TT 2

612 NOTES ON CROP PROSPECTS ABROAD. _ [OCT,,

with 1853 in 1910. The total production in all the countries named
above (excluding France, India, and Tunis), is estimated to be
309,206,000 qr., as compared with 347,675,000 qr. last year, or a con-
siderable decrease of 11:1 per cent. The area planted slightly exceeds
that of last year, being o'6 per cent. greater. |

The following supplementary notes are given :—

Germany.—The cereal harvest is ended. The condition of oats on
September Ist was 370, as compared with 2°9 on August Ist of this
year, and 2°77 on August 15th, 1g10 (1=excellent, 5=very bad).

Belgium.—The continued dry weather was propitious for harvesting
operations, which were carried out under excellent conditions.

Iveland.—The cereal harvest, which was from a fortnight to three
weeks earlier than usual, was almost completed by September 1ith.
All the cereals will be under average in yield. Vhe quality of the.
grain will be good, especially barley, which is described as plump
and of good bushel weight. Oats will be small in the grain owing
to lack of sufficient moisture at filling time. |

Norway.—The harvest is finished. The conditions of the crop
(expressed on the Institute’s scale where 1o0o=condition promising an
average yield) were on September ist as follows :—Wheat and rye, 100;
barley, 95; oats, 9o.

Sweden.—In the midlands the drought lasted until the end of
August. Harvesting was done under most favourable circumstances
throughout the country, and the crop has been secured in excellent
condition. The yield of straw is very poor in comparison with the
output of grain. The estimated production of the cereal crops ex-
pressed in a percentage of the average production of the past ten
years is, for wheat, 115; rye, 100; barley, 113% ‘oats; 103:

Egypt.—The area of wheat in 1911 is 1,284,000 acres, with an
estimated yield of 4,754,000 gr., and the area of barley 384,000 acres,
with a production of 1,433,000 qr.

Chile-—The areas under wheat and barley are _ respectively
1,482,000 acres and 741,000 acres, being in each case an increase of |
10 per cent. over the area sown to these two crops in 1910-11. The
condition of the crops on September 1st was good, promising a yield
.20 per cent. above the average of the past ten years. Weather condi-
tions are favourable.

Austria.—A report of the Austrian Ministry of Agriculture, referring ;
to the middle of September, gives the condition of the crops as fol» |
lows :—Wheat, 2°8; rye, 2°8; barley, 2°4; oats, 2.7; maize, 33; pota-
toes, 3.4; sugar-beet 42 (1=very good, 2=above average; 3=average; —
4=below average; 5=very poor). | .

Argentina.—The weather continues favourable for the growing crops, 4
and present prospects are reported to be all that could be desired.
The preliminary official estimate of the area sown is :—Wheat, |
17,030,000 acres, as compared with 15,445,000 acres in 1910; and oats,
2,445,000 acres, as against 1,900,000 acres last year. An average yield |
per acre on this year’s area would give a crop of about 24 million -

IQII.] NOTES ON CROP PROSPECTS ABROAD. 613

quarters, against 17,500,000 quarters last year. (Beerbohm’s Evening
Corn Trade List, September 29th, 1911.)

Canada.—From a bulletin compiled by the Census and Statistics
Office at Ottawa, dated September 14th, the average yield of spring
wheat is estimated at 1914 bush. per acre in the Dominion, which
is seven bushels more than last year. The production of fall wheat,
which is grown almost wholly in Ontario and Alberta, was expected
to be 17,706,000 bush. The total wheat yield of the country is
estimated to be 204,634,000 bush., or 82 million bushels more than
the estimate at the same date last year. The yield per acre is 19’50
bush. For the Dominion the yield of oats is given as 368,100,000 bush.,
which is 84,900,000 bush. more than last year’s estimate at the same
date, and the average of 36 bush. per acre exceeds last year’s
average by 7 bush. The average for barley is also higher than last
year by 7 bush. per acre, and the total yield is estimated at 51,559,000
bush., as against 4o million bush. in 1910. (Dornbusch, September
Byun, 1911.)

United States.—The Crop Reporting Board of the Department of
Agriculture estimates the yield of all wheat as 655,189,000 bush.; as

compared with 695,443,000 bush. in 1910 and 737,189,000 bush. in
‘1909; of the i911 crop, 454,821,000 bush. are winter wheat and

200,307,000 bush. spring wheat, as compared with 464,044,000 bush.
and 231,399,000 bush. respectively in 1910. The yield of oats is given
as 874,200,000 bush., as compared with 1,126,765 bush. in 1910 and
meene53,000 bush. in 1909. The yield of maize is given as
2,759,340,000 bush., as compared with 3,125,713,000 bush. in 1910 and
2,767,316,000 bush. in 1909. The yield of barley is given as 20'7 bush.
Pes acre in 1t91%1, 22°4 bush. last year, and 24°3 bush. in 1909; the
quality is returned at 84°9 per cent., as against 69°8 last year. (Corn
Trade News, October 9th, 1911.)

France.—The yield of barley in 1911 is returned as 5,913,000 qr., as
compared with 5,267,000 qr. in 1910, and of oats as 36,880,000 qr., as
compared with 35,224,000 qr. last year. (Journal Officiel, October rst,
ron,T:)

Beet-root Crop in Russia.—H.M. Ambassador at St. Petersburg
States, on the 6th ult., that the total area under sugar-beet cultivation
Was about 1,957,000 acres, an increase of nearly 290,000 acres over
last year. Some 151,000 acres had been affected by adverse weather
conditions, damage by insects, and failure from bad seed. It was
estimated in the middle of July that of the total acreage planted
1,009,000 acres, or about 51 per cent., were in good condition, and

698,000 acres, or 36 per cent., were in fair condition, the rest, 13 per

cent., being in an unsatisfactory or bad state. A later dispatch states

that the yield will be nearly 13 million tons, as against 10,850,000 tons

Tast year.
Hops.—From reports received through the Foreign Office, it appears
that the yield of hops in Bavaria is much smaller than last year, and

is estimated to be about 94,000 cwt., as compared with 218,000 cwt.

in 1910, the average yield being only about 23 cwt. per acre,
Peamst nearly 5 cwt. last year. The. quality is said to be
exceilent. In Bohemia it is estimated that the production will be

614 NOTES ON CROP PROSPECTS ABROAD. [ocT,

123,000 cwt., as compared with 225,000 cwt. in 1910. It is not expected
that the exports of hops from Bohemia will be considerable, as the
produce will be required for home consumption. In Belgium, the crop
is estimated at 45,000 or 50,000 cwt., as against 65,000 cwt. in IgIo.

Messrs. John Barth and Son, of Nuremberg, in their report on the
hop crop and prices, dated September 25th, estimate the world’s pro-
duction of hops in i911 at 1,307,000 cwt., as compared with 1,532,000
cwt. in 1910, and 909,000 cwt. in 1909. They estimate the yields in
the principal countries as follows :—Germany, 219,000 cwt.; Austria-
Hungary, 175,000 cwt.; France, Belgium, Holland, and_ Russia,
156,000 cwt.; United States, 394,000 cwt.; and England, 348,000 cwt.
They regard the world’s crop as quite a normal yield, and only about
225,000 cwt. below last year’s output. The growth has been excellent,
both as regards quality and colour. |

Potato Crops on the Continent.—From reports received through the
Foreign Office, it appears that the yield of potatoes in Bavaria will be
smaller than. last year, and will, for the most part, be required for
human consumption. In Alsace-Lorraine the crop is not expected to
reach half the usual yield, though the quality is expected to be good.
The chief potato-growing area in Germany, which lies in the neigh-
bourhood of Posen, promises only a poor yield in comparison with
the average, but the prospects in the districts along the coast of the
Baltic are very fair. In Wurtemberg the latest estimate published by
the Imperial Statistical Bureau gives an estimate under the average.
The crop is healthy but small. For Germany as a whole the condition
of potatoes at the beginning of September is given as 3°5 (3=average,
4=small). On heavy soils the crop has, in spite of the drought, main-

tained a comparatively good condition, but on the light soils potatoes” |

have suffered badly. The tubers, especially the late sorts, are small,
and have commenced to grow out. The estimated production for
Prussia is 22,205,000 tons, as against 32,204,000 in I910.

In Holland the crop of ‘table potatoes” has, on the whole, stood ; |
the drought well, and is very free from disease. On the clay soils large
quantities of excellent quality have been produced, so that in Friesland —

the crop is very good. On sandy soils the effect of the dry weather was

more marked. It is expected that the export will be very small owing —
to home requirements. The crop of ‘factory potatoes’? has not done |
so well, and the yield is not expected to be more than one-quarter of

a normal crop. The total area is given as 74,920 acres for ‘‘ factory”
and 330,460 for ‘‘table’’ potatoes.

In Belgium, the crop is estimated as 3,365,000 tons, as against |

2,804,000 tons last year.

France.—In the districts of Havre, Caen, Tréport and Eu, Honfleur |
and Fécamp, the yield is génerally expected to be supérior to that of

last year. The tubers are generally small, but healthy.

From other districts reports are as follows :—Ille and Vilaine and 4
Manche, about an average ‘crop; district round Rouen, less than 1910 ae |
Cotes du Nord and Mayenne, very good and sound crop; Morbihan —
and Loire, much smaller than in 1910; Pas de Calais, scanty ‘crop, —
quality excellent; Nord, favourable on good soil, very poor on sandy P

soil, quality excellent.

aa

ee
—_

r
ee
a

i

ay

IQII.] ANIMAL DISEASES ON THE CONTINENT. 615

Agriculture, up to September ioth, the yield of potatoes is estimated
to be 3,855,000 tons. Potatoes have suffered from the prolonged
drought, and the probable yield is expected to be considerably below
that of last year.

The following statement shows _ that,

Prevalence of Animal according to the information in the possession

Diseases on the of the Board on October 1st, 1911, certain
Continent. diseases of animals existed in the countries
specified :—

Mesiria (week ending September 2oth).

Anthrax, Blackleg, Foot-and-Mouth Disease ee Hofe), Glanders
and Farcy.

Belgium (sixteen days ending August 31st).

Anthrax, Blackleg, Rabies, Foot-and-Mouth Disease (3,801
“foyers”’ in 612 “communes”

Bulgaria (week ending September 6th). .
Anthrax, Glanders and Farcy, Rabies, Sheep-pox, Swine-fever,
Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Tuberculosis.

Denmark (month of July).

Anthrax, Foot-and-Mouth Disease (1 Ege

France (month of August).

Blackleg, Glanders and Farcy, Rabies, Sheep-pox, Sheep-scab.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease (33,966 ‘‘étables”’ in 3,217 ‘‘Communes”’).

Germany (on September 21st).

Glanders and Farcy, Swine-fever, Foot-and-Mouth Disease (37,180
infected places in 5,113 parishes).

_ Holland (month of August).

Anthrax, Foot-rot, Sheep-scab, Swine Erysipelas, Foot-and-Mouth
- Disease (15,503 outbreaks in 11 provinces).
Hungary (week ending September 13th).
Anthrax, Glanders and Farcy,’ Rabies, Swine Erysipelas, Swine-
fever, Foot-and-Mouth Disease (61,345 ‘‘cours’’

_ Italy (week ending August 6th).

Anthrax, Glanders and Farcy, Rabies, Swine Erysipelas, Swine-
fever, Foot-and-Mouth Disease (251 cases entailing 18,827
animals).

_ Montenegro (seventeen days ending June 16th).

Foot-and-Mouth Disease (329 ‘‘étables’’ infected in 17 ‘‘com-
munes ’’).

| Norway (month of August). -

Anthrax, Blackleg.

| : ~ Rowmania (nine days ending September 13th).

Dourine, Glanders and Farcy, Pleuro-pneumonia, Rabies, Sheep-
_ pox, Swine Erysipelas, Swine-fever, Sheep Scab, Foot-and-Mouth
Disease.

: Russia (month of May).

_ Anthrax, Cattle-plague, Glanders and Farcy, Pleuro-pneumonia,
Rabies, Sheep-pox, Swine Erysipelas, Swine-fever, Foot-and-Mouth
_ Disease (233,160 cases in 2,847 ‘‘communes”’

616 AGRICULTURAL LABOUR IN SEPTEMBER. — [OCT.,

Servia (eight days ending September oth).
Rabies, Sheep-pox, Swine-fever, Foot-and-Mouth Disease (1,779
cases in 11 ‘‘ arrondissements ”’).

Spain (month of July).
Anthrax, Blackleg, Rabies, Sheep-pox, Sheep-scab, Swine ery sinelach
Foot-and-Mouth Disease (15,764 animals), Pleuro-pneumonia,
Tuberculosis.

Sweden (month of August).
Anthrax, Blackleg, Swine-fever, Swine Erysipelas.

Switzerland (week ending September 24th).
Anthrax, Blackleg, Swine Erysipelas, Foot-and-Mouth Disease (314
‘“étables’’ and 105 ‘‘alpages-PAaturages”’ entailing 11,731 animals,
of which 83 ‘‘étables’’ and 7 ‘‘alpages-paturages”’ were deciared
during the week).

The Board of Agriculture and Fisheries have been furnished by the |

Board of Trade with the following report, based on returns from corre- ¢

spondents in various districts, on the demand |

Agricultural Labour for agricultural labour in September :— *

in England Farm work generally proceeded without

during September. imterruption from bad weather in Septembet,aaam

but, owing to the forward state of work, the

demand for labourers outside the regular farm staff was considerably

reduced in many districts, and a large number of such extra labourers |
were out of employment during some part of the month.

Northern Counties.—Farm work was generally in a forward con-
dition, on account of the early completion of the corn harvest, and the —
demand for extra labourers was somewhat reduced in consequence.
A surplus of such men was reported in several districts in Yorkshire, —
but in other districts in these counties the supply was about equal to |
the demand. The principal kinds of work for which extra men were _
wanted in September were, apart from completing the corn harvest, |
thatching stacks, threshing, carting, and spreading manure, taking
up potatoes, trimming hedges, and cleaning out watercourses.

Midland Counties.—-Extra labourers were, on the whole, in excess”
of the demand in these counties, there being little or no hoeing to be
done on the root crops, which had suffered much from the dry weather.
In certain districts, however, these men obtained fairly regular empl
ment at such work as threshing, carting manure, hedging, ana
ditching.

Eastern Counties.—There was a fair demand for extra labourers
in these counties for threshing, potato-lifting, manure carting, hedging
_ &c., and the supply of such men was generally taken up. Some sur=
plus, however, was reported in several districts, including the Erping- —
ham, Smallburgh, ‘and Swaffham Rural Districts in Norfolk, and ry
Braintree Rural District in Essex. In the Rochford Rural District in
Essex some scarcity of extra men was Sane:

received, there was a fait demand for extra Tabeuker: in Kent, vie
shire, and Cornwall; but in the other counties the drought caused
smaller demand, and a certain amount of irregular employment.

ee

IQI1.] THE CORN MARKETS IN SEPTEMBER. O17

THE CORN MARKETS IN SEPTEMBER.

C. KAINS-JACKSON.

Not for many years has September been marked by such brisk and
sustained business as has distinguished the past month. The harvest
had made great progress by the end of August, even in the north, and
the first twelve days of September being remarkably fine with a very
dry atmosphere, threshings proceeded with unaccustomed rapidity. The
demand for the new crops was greatly stimulated by the fine quality
shown, and the only drawback is that the new cereal year has begun
by a heavy draft on home production which is likely to make home-
grown grain more than usually scarce after Lady Day next year.
The tendency to sell new crops early does not in any way diminish, but
it is not put down. exclusively to the needs of farmers for cash after
harvest. Prices for the second half of the cereal year show, on an
average of five-and-twenty seasons, no such clear advance over the

first half as would demonstrate the wisdom of holding corn back.

Wheat.—The new wheat of home growth is remarkable for its
hardness and fitness for immediate milling, which in the eastern parts
of England excites less attention than in the west, where in three years
out of four samples on the summer side of Martinmas are not
usable without a large admixture of dry old wheat, whether home-
grown or imported. The new English wheat this season is often
capable of ‘‘creating’’ a lofty loaf without aid from any Manitoba,
Saxonka, or strong Argentine, but the most experienced millers prefer,
even in this exceptional year, a certain percentage of wheat from
abroad.

The prices quoted at most markets have been about 35s. for white
and 34s. for red per 504 lb., which weight is attained pretty generally.
Few samples fall below 496 lb., and it is said that there is ‘‘next to
no tail corn.’’ This, of course, is a vague term, but it is an index
to opinion as regards both the fine quality of 1911 wheat and the
perfect condition in which it was secured. Dominion wheat at the
close of the month was about 4os. on spot, with a large forward

“business done for October shipment at 37s. per 480 lb. This gives

the seller up to 31st to ship. The sorts of imported wheat on which
most business has passed have been Indian at 35s. to 36s., and Austra-
lian at 37s. to 38s. per gr. The Russian wheat crop of 1911 is put ata
total so markedly less than that of last year that holders of 1910 corn
have been increasing in firmness of attitude all through the month.
They asked on the 30th 38s. to 39s. per 492 lb. Little has been done
in other foreign sorts of wheat on spot, but the Pacific seaboard of the
U.S. is busy shipping new wheat at a 37s. per 500 lb. level.

_ September shipments were 1,303,000 qr. from North America;

520,000 qr. from South America; 417,000 qr. from India; 917,000 qr.
from Russia; 1,421,000 qr. from Europe S.E.; and 425,000 qr. from
_ Australasia. The large exports from the countries grouped as Europe

S.E. were the feature of the wheat shipments of September. There
Were on the 30th 2,100,000 qr. on passage of all sorts, which is about

the same total as a year ago. September imports were not excessive
_ in themselves, but, taken together with the unusually large deliveries of

British wheat, they raised the total wheat supply to a figure in excess
of requirements for current consumption.

618 THE CORN: MARKETS IN SEPTEMBER. -_ [OCT.,

Flour.—The Bakers’ Exhibition at Islington was remarkable for a
very large competition in ‘‘Standard,” or 80 per cent. bread, and also
for a very extensive display of a number of patent loaves and cakes
in which the percentage of the rougher grists was considerable. Some
clue to public consumption of different forms of flour is to be found in
the rise in prices for the less finely ground. These used to range from
Is. to 5s. below the price of Town Households, but the best now
exceed Town Households in price. The top-price of London flour
has fallen ts. on the month, from 33s. to 32s., but other sorts for
cash are not more than a net 6d. down as a rule. The credit and
delivery prices have eased at Mark Lane and elsewhere—not at Mark
Lane only—about 1s. on the month. American flour has been dull,
while Canadian for future shipment and Australian on spot have
favoured buyers. There were 546,000 sacks shipped by America, in-
cluding Canada, during the month, and 222,000 sacks, a fair average
quantity, were on passage on the 3oth. ,

Barley.—Popular judgment at Mark Lane, Norwich, Lynn, Bury
St. Edmunds, Ipswich, Reading, Newbury, Canterbury, and many
other markets affirms that this is the best barley year for quality within
living memory. This can hardly be brought to proof, but the opinion —
is worth recording. The great brewing firms have been extremely
active, and the quantities of new barley sold during September were
probably unprecedented. The new barley is believed by brewers to be
likely to keep uncommonly well, and this naturally adds to their
readiness to buy promptly. About 4os. is paid for good 448 lb. samples,
and a most gratifying feature of the year is the large number of
farmers who have hardly grown for the maltster, but find themselves —
with something to submit to him. This, however, diminishes the |
offerings of home-grown barley to the buyers for feed, and all sorts
of grinding grain are dearer on the month. Nothing, either home- : |
grown or from Russia, is to be had under 24s. per 400 lb., or 6s. per —
cental. Shipments of the month were 4,360,000 qr. from Russia and |
555,000 gr. from Europe S.E. The Russian total is unique, but is
due to eagerness of buyers, who insisted on early shipment. The crop |
itself in Russia is regarded as a good average without being anything ©
extraordinary. On the 30th over 600,000 qr. of parley were on passage —
to Great Britain. .

Oats.—Excellent quality marks the new oats, in which a good trade |
has passed. They are so dry that they can safely be fed to horses at —
once. The price for 336 lb. averages about a guinea, and is remark
ably uniform throughout England. In North Britain 22s. to 22s. 6d. |
is demanded, and oatmeal, instead of falling in price as is the September
custom, has advanced 1s. per cwt. in some cases, and 6d. generally. —
Common oats from Russia and Argentina have been held for 18s. toe
18s. 6d. per 304 Ib., a price which has checked business. Shipments. for
September were 132,000 gr. from Canada; 200,000 qr. from Argentina;
738,000 gr. from Russia; and 150,000 qr. from Europe S.E. Non- —
shippers are the U.S., Scandinavia, and Australasia. The supply -. |
passage on 30th was 270,000 qr. a

Maize.—The demand has rather exceeded the supply, and as sae
the 30th only 180,000 gr. were on, passage continued dearness see 4
for some time ahead to be all but inevitable. The new crops are ript

I9g11.] LIVE AND DEAD MEAT TRADE IN SEPTEMBER. 619

by early October in the United States, Russia, and South-Eastern
Europe, and are regarded as an average in the last two regions. In
‘the United States the expectations are rather pessimistic. Maize does
best in a sunny and dry climate, but is said to fail badly where these
elements are overdone, and the recent summer in the United States is
believed by many experts to have overtaxed the plant. Trustworthy
estimates will hardly be forthcoming before the cobs have been dried.
September shipments were 204,000 qr. from North America, 458,000 qr.
from Russia, and 569,000 qr. from Europe S.E. The prices ruling at
the close of the month were not much below 30s. at the ports, while
inland exchanges sometimes quoted 4s. per bushel.

_ Oilseeds.—Appreciation for use as an oilseed is attaching to the
sunflower, and two or three small cargoes have been placed at tos. per
¢wt. On the ordinary markets 14s. to 15s. per cwt. is paid, but even
at the latter price the fattening value of the oil is such as to make
the staple come out well on comparative analysis with linseed. That
“article is as dear as ever; 7os. to 80s. per qr. is its range, and gs. 6d.

_ per cwt. is charged for London-made linseed cake even to large cash

buyers ex mill. There were on the 30th 146,000 qr. of linseed and
22,000 tons of cottonseed on passage. The linseed shipments of Sep-
tember: were 244,000 gr. from Argentina, and 269,000 qr. from India.
There is no very immediate promise of oilseeds becoming at all cheap.
. Various.— Owing to good quality and a good seeding demand, rye
and tares are dearer on the month. Beet-sugar has been an excited
“market, but German new crop is offered for November shipment at Is.
_ per cwt. under spot values, and as the time taken in transit is almost
a negligible quantity, the inducement to wait till November is naturally
restrictive of spot business. Rice is dearer on the month, and the
Prices telegraphed on the 30th from Bombay and Rangoon did not
appear to admit of a profit margin on export, either of the fine types
associated with the former or of the feeding rice usually named in
“connection with the latter port.

THE LIVE AND DEAD MEAT TRADE IN
SEPTEMBER:

A. T. MATTHEWS.

_ fat Cattle—There being no general change in the weather condi-
tions, the difficulties of graziers during September were even greater
than before, and complaints of the scarcity of well-finished bullocks
Were common in nearly all markets, while the number of half-meated
animals on offer was large. The result was a sharp run on the few
Prime cattle coming forward, and a dull trade for the rougher sorts.
The very large supply at Islington on the 25th of over 1,800 head

i was very significant of the state of things in the country. Of this number

less than 100 could be described as prime, and if we deduct another
i hundred of very poor animals, the remaining 1,600 were in good store
i €ondition only, just suitable for finishing in the stalls. With a few

Ey + are exceptions this case doubtless reflects the aspect of other markets,

and the fact that under such circumstances prices should have gradu-

620 LIVE AND DEAD MEAT TRADE IN SEPTEMBER. [OCT.,

ally hardened, points to the existence ‘of a healthy demand and the
probability of enhanced values in the near future.

Shorthorns, in about twenty of the leading English markets,
averaged 8s. 3d., 7s. 5d., and 6s. a3d., against 8s., 7s. 33d., and 6s. 3d.
in August; Herefords, 8s. 52d. and 7s. 9d., against 8s. 43d. and 7s. 7d.;
Devons, 8s. 33d. and 7s. 6d., against 8s. 2d. and 7s. 43d.; Welsh
Runts, 8s. 12d. and 7s. 5d., against 7s. 9d. and 7s. 31d.; Polled Scots,
8s. 42d. and 7s. od., against 8s. 3id. and 8s. per stone. At Ipswich
some really good, stall-fed Shorthorns have been shown, and keenly
competed for, selling freely at 9s. 6d., and some at nearly tos. per
stone. This is more than 1d. per ib: above the EVES Se of other
markets, and shows the results of good feeding.

Veal Calves.—There was no special feature in the fat calf trade.
The best were less plentiful, and averaged 8jd. per lb, and second
quality a fraction over 7d., but there is a large proportion of very
low quality sold at little more than nominal prices.

Fat Sheep.—The position of the flock owner cannot be said to have ;
improved during the past month, for not only is there present scarcity
of keep, but the winter prospects are very bad in most districts. Strong
lambs and sheep in poor condition have been forced on the market, and ©
thus prevented any advance in prices which, on striking the average
of markets, are found to have almost exactly maintained their August —
level. The best Downs certainly show a fractional improvement, but
it is less than a farthing per lb., the averages being :—Downs, 73d.,
63d., and 53d., and Longwools, 6% A. 6d., and 42d. per lb. for the three
qualities. In ans last week there was An advance at Norwich, where
first quality Downs fetched 83d. per lb. The only British market
exceeding this for any breed was Glasgow, and even there the choicest
Cross-breds only touched 83d. As some guide to future probabilities
of market movements, it may be well to remember that before this”
time, in moderate seasons, the lambs (or tegs as they may now be |
called) would all have been on turnips, and making progress in winter —
feeding, but, speaking broadly, there are no early turnips this year, |
and the swedes are badly blighted. It is therefore difficult to see how
farmers can fatten anything like the usual number. This means that
many of these young sheep are being sold now instead of next April, —
thus mortgaging the future supplies and keeping down present values. |

Fat Lambs.—The season for English lamb may now be said to be
over, but lambs were separately quoted till the last week in the official
returns. For the first two weeks they averaged 81d. and 74d. per Ib, —
but declined 3d. in the third week. .

Fat Pigs.—The changes in the value of bacon pigs were very |
slight, but such as they were they were the turn in favour of sellers.
The averages in British markets were 6s. 53d. per 14 lb. stone for
small, and 5s. 104d. for larger pigs. .

Carcass Beef—British.—Supplies of Scotch beef have been very
moderate, and the London demand was steady. Short sides averaged .
from 63d. to 7d. per lb., and long sides 63d. to 63d. English beef was
only represented by second quality, which fetched 53d., and cow beef, a
which ranged from 44d. to 54d. per lb. The month finished with a bad 3
trade. am 4

Port-Killed Beef.—Supplies at Deptford were not very large, and

e-

I91I.] THE PROVISION TRADE IN SEPTEMBER. 621

this beef sold relatively well, fetching an average of 52d. to 6d. per lb.,
with a decline of $d. per lb. in the last week.

Chilled Beef.—There was a small quantity of States chilled during
the first half of the month, and the best hindquarters fetched up to 7d.
per lb., and forequarters 4d., but none afterwards came to hand.
The trade in Argentine chilled still feels the effects of the strike. A
very large quantity was frozen hard to preserve it, and this is now
being gradually sold at about 1d. per lb. less than that now arriving.
Hindquarters coming fresh to hand have appreciated in value, and
for the last two weeks the best have been making 5d. per lb. The
best fores have touched 3d. against 23d. in August.

Frozen Beef.—Frozen beef was a quiet trade and steady in value,
the best hinds selling at an average of 4d. per lb. and fores 23d.

Carcass Mutton—Fresh-Killed.—The mutton trade was very slow,
and at times much depressed. Very large supplies of sheep and lambs
came from Scotland, also from Holland and the west of England, and

sales were often forced at extremely low rates. The best Scotch never

exceeded 62d. per lb., and good English sold at 53d. Dutch being of

similar value.

Carcass Lamb.—No British lamb fetched more than 7d. per Ib.,
and the best New Zealand was generally worth 53d., Australian 5d.,
and Argentine rather less.

Frozen Mutton.—The best New Zealand mutton sold steadily at
47d. per lb., and Australian at 3$d., fluctuations in value being very
trifling.

Veal.— Good veal was scarce in London, and in the third week

both English and Dutch of choice quality fetched up to gd.) per: lbs,

but suddenly returned to 8d. in the last week.

Pork.—During the colder weather there was a good demand, and
with a small supply in the third week good English went up to 7d.,
but the average for the month was from 53d. to 6d., according to size

and quality.

THE PROVISION TRADE IN SEPTEMBER.

HEDLEY STEVENS.

Bacon.—As anticipated in my last review, prices have steadily

declined, more especially on all American cuts, and in some cases the

drop has been as much as 7s. to 8s. per cwt. This has been brought

about for the most part by the consignments of American meats, which

were delayed on account of the dock strike, and got out of condition,
necessitating the acceptance of low prices to effect a clearance. Three

auction sales were held in Liverpool to assist in the quick disposal of

these goods. Arrivals from all countries have been larger during the
month, and this has, of course, had the effect of lowering prices.

Values in America have also declined, there having been a con-
tinued increase in the number of hogs marketed, and consequently

lower prices for the raw material. Packers must now have fair stocks
on hand, so that we may anticipate still lower prices in that country
and in Canada. Prices for American hogs are now well under those
Current at the same time last year, the range during the month of

622 THE PROVISION TRADE IN SEPTEMBER. [OCT., IQII.

September being $5.80 to $7.70, against $8.15 to $10.00 last year, and
$7.25 to $8.55 two years ago. wid

English pigs are much cheaper than at the same time last year,
and, with feeding stuffs so dear, many breeders are reducing their .
holdings. -

Cheese.—On account of the continued dry weather both here and
in Canada and consequent shortage in the make of cheese, prices have
continued to advance. Sales made during August at figures which
looked extremely high have turned out good purchases, as from 5s.
tc 7s. per cwt. advance has since been paid for September makes, sales
having been made at as high as 73s. c.1.f., which is about 20s. per
cwt. over the value of similar goods at the same time last year. ,

The stock of cheese in Canada is now estimated to be about 150,000
boxes less than last year. The total shipments from that country
have been about 65,000 in excess of last year, importers finding that the
increased demand for Canadian to replace the shortage in English
cheese necessitated the early use of the summer makes, instead of
storing them for the winter trade. B.

The advance in prices on spot during the month has been from ~
4s. to 5s. per cwt., which makes values about 16s. to 17s. above ~
those current at the same time last year. Up to the present there
have been no signs of the higher prices curtailing consumption, but
grocers are at present working on their cheaper purchases, and when —
the full advance is asked the effect is sure to be a falling off in the —
demand. Further contracts have been made for regular deliveries of
the new season’s New Zealand cheese, as high as 66s. c.i.f. having
been paid.

At the end of. the month the stocks of Canadian cheese at the
three principal distributing centres (London, Liverpool, and Bristol) — *
were 269,000 cheese, against 363,000 at the same time last year, and
325,000 two years ago. The stock of New Zealand cheese was 250

crates in London and Bristol, against 1,150 last year. 4
English cheese has been in good demand at hardening prices, on
account of the continued short make. > |

Butter.—High prices have been the feature of the month’s trading, =

and with imports continuing below the normal, it is anticipated that |
values will show further advances during October. The spot value of —
Colonial butter at the end of the month was higher than at any —
previous time in the month of September. =

Cable advices from both Australia and New Zealand report favours
able conditions for a large make of dairy products. eo

Moderate shipments continue to arrive from Canada, total si
ments to September 16th being 69,000 packages in excess of last :
year. This has been chiefly brought about by the much smaller quan-_
tities of raw cream shipped into the United States of America during —
the present season. =

Eggs.—A fair trade has passed, the demand being chiefly for bese
fresh lots, at hardening prices.

623

PRICES OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE.

in the Month of September, 1911.

AVERAGE PRICES of LIVE STOCK in ENGLAND and SCOTLAND

(Compeled from Reports received from the Board's Market

i Reporters.)
r ENGLAND, SCOTLAND,
4
| Description.
5 First Second . First Second
| Quality. | Quality. | Quality. | Quality.
FAT STock :— per stone.* | perstone.* | per cwt.t | per cwt.t |
Cattle :— sri Sai Qs Se Seperate mae
Polled Scots ... Ae 8 5 7 10 39 8 B00 ur
Herefords a 8 6 Wh i X0) — ==
Sherthorns He S73 Ae 38 4 35 2
Devons 8 4 7 6 — —
pemlbeyei per tbat i) per lbs |) perl:
a. a. d. d.
Veal Calves 84 74 83 62
} Sheep :—
\ - Downs 74 64 = _
| Longwools 7 64
. Cheviots Ihe 7h 4
. Blackfaced 74 Re 7 64
Cross-breds 4 5 1s 4
| per stone. * | per stone. * | per stone. * | per stone
Pigs :— OMI iS Soa Su as
‘Bacon Pigs 6 6 6 0 677.3 Say
Porkers 750 6.6 6 8 5 11
| | Lean Stock :— per head, | per head. | per head. | per head.
Milking Cows :— is Li Ss se BLS:
‘Shorthorns—In Milk Peano NE 18 I 22 10 17-13
g —Calvers.. 223A 18 oO 201.0 Lovet
4 | Other Breeds—In Milk 18 15 16 12 19 18 16 6
. 29 —Calvers 1555 I2 15 I9 4 16) 7
| | Calves for Rearing ek ssi 211 I If 2 6 I 10
{ Store Cattle :—
1 Shorthorns—Yearlings 8 19 DAL 10 18 8 14
lee | ma —Two-year-olds.. I2 15 II II 1403 12) 5
ie — Three-year - olds| 16 18 Tay Uy 16 5 7 ee)
tie Polled Scots— Two: -year-olds — a 15 19 13 8
ieee Herefords— ie — 13 10 — —
Devons— si 13,0 Lit 2 CO) — -
|
_ Store Sheep :—
Hoggs, Hoggets, Tegs, and
Lambs— Soa. Sa, Gs Saad. Saute
Downs or Longwools ...|. 26 8 20 II — —
Scotch Cross-breds he — — BAe, 20) <2
i ete) Store Pigs :—
8 to 10 weeks old ... Fails do) 12)),9 Dont 15 oO
12 to 16 weeks old ... 24 8 18 10 26 6 Bee 0)

* Estimated carcass weight.
t+ Live weight.

624

AVERAGE PRICES of DEAD MEAT at certain MARKETS in
ENGLAND and SCOTLAND in the Month of September, 1911.

(Compiled from Reports received from the Board's Market 4

Reporters.)
© |piming-| Liver: | Lone | Mare een ee
Sage = irming- - - - in- as-
ES CEI D EDA S ote pool. don. jchester.) burgh. | gow.
(en .
per cwt. | per cwt. |per cwt. per cwt.|per cwt.|per cwt.} —
BEEF :— Sei dil, Se (doaliess @.4\ Sok te ese td
English Ist |}. 55 6 | 56 0157 .0.| 52 6 156 70”) Saree
2nd! 49. 6 | 52 .01| 53°67 5500 Ongen One
Cow and Bull Ist || 46. 6] 46 0.) 46 ©3446 O77 467 o | 46m
2nd||° 40.0} 40 O-+ 41 0 | 42° G2428 0 42eee
U.S.A. and Cana-
dian :—
Port Killed Ist — 55 07) 58 40.1753 — 53
2nd = RT 16:54. 104 barr —_— 50
Argentine Frozen—
Hind Quarters... | 1st || 34) 6 | 35 .0.|. 36-0 |, 35:50 E45) 462s
Fore spo tee |PESE BRE OR 25> (0 (252-04 2 eam
Argentine Chilled—
Hind Quarters:.. | Ist|| 43,6 |) .41 6.744.250 | 40 363g 0NG
Fore 43 sepiest 27. 6 27° -O.1'25 26-27, On eee
Australian Frozen—
Hind Quartersi= | 1st) - 337 (O43) 132 969\-26.204| 32776 —
Fore ype eral St 22d 64222358 bl 25 nO gloss —
VEAL :—
British ist! 165, O4°G7 702) 77) - O05 a —
2nd|| 56 0} 60 o}| 66 6|59 6|. —
Foreign Ist — — 77 uo — | 74
MUTTON :— | :
Scotch Ist a 66 0.| 6f 30 4)265°.671762 6
2nd = 610). 56 0-02, Os Ga ago
English tst.||. 59° 6 | 60.6.1 550] 62°40 12
2nd} 560.1. 56. 0 |.51:-61758. 6 —
Argentine Vrozen ....| 1st! 35 50.4)... 34. "6 | 3396: | 24.70. nam as
Australian o 3 Ist) 32% .6) |) 33 - © | 3456) 430 _
New Zealand ,, Ist — — 29.6 — —_
LAMB :—
British Ist _ 646: | 65 674.656.) on G
2nd 59. G6-!.-55 6 '|.60.. 6-1 58. 65a. oe
New Zealand Fst4l'.. 53; 6.) 950-02) 56 O4lcon 6 _
Australian ... Ist a 45 6|46 6) — —
Argentine ESE AS VO 1-245 Olls42 Onl Ageso _
| r,s
PORK :—
British FSt/||,562 ~6 |. 62: Os) 59:70 | 62> Ont soueo
2nd!) 25650). 957290) | 5A sn 50) a | 50 0
Foreign Ist — 570 — | —

PRICES OF MEAT,

* Scotch.

[ocT, a

IQII.]

PRICES OF CORN.

625

AVERAGE PRICES of British Corn per Quarter of 8 Imperial
Bushels, computed from the Returns received under the
Corn Returns Act, 1882,in each Week in 1909, 1910 and IOII.

Weeks WHEAT. | BARLEY. OATS.
ended (27 | |
TOIL). “|| ]
| 1909. | 1910. | >|. LOLO, IQIO. | IQII.
Seema. | Sea. d. | Saas OF ats CAMIECAN Seve
Hem 7 = || 32. 9'|.33. 6 5 || 24 II 172107 0
Abe i327: 871 33° 8 8 I| 24 11 1 Nf Nhs hl 2
55 21... |! 33 2/33 9 11 | 3 24 11 4 || 17 O417 54
fe 20. | 33 01/33). 6 11 || 6: F250 5 || 17 ean legion
Feb. 4... 33 4/33 7 9 | 7 | 24 10 5 || ied fa Sy aes
mee ete 1-33) 85) 332: 4 5, 8/24 9 6 Ey Th 75
Pe tOl.5 | 34 T.| 33.0 id 1 p24 64) 7 || ©) 18-0176
2G en 34). §¢| 32° 7 2 | OylF247) 12 9 Oui t7 EOu | tae 7)
Maret4:... || 34° 10 | 32°. 7 | O27 ar | 24-6 fe) 2) LS lens
eee ei35, 832-6 I | Qii2a 1 Oo 2alS) OES
Pe tSe. I-35, «'9°| 32 6 I || Oni23— 6 II 51S, <Osla7 (6
pee 255-22 || 30) -O-| 32. 9 2 it28 50 123° 7 fe) Oslee7s ee PF 25
mpl. EF -..'||.36, 5133 0 3 || 10/23 8 II S 8 rSeo) | 17 45
pees .-- || 37 4'| 33: 6 4 0/23. 1 7 CAN Gd Ol ty fry
Peet S-. || 39 7 | 33 -7 3 8) 23 5 2 2), 18 3/183
poe. | 41 4) | 33. -7 4 2:\h23)2.0 5 9/18 3) 17 I0
eee Ole 42. 5 | 33 0 II 10 | 22 10 5 ONPLSih sclurS w3
May 6... || 40 9/32 6 4 W227 7 SerISe 218." 6
Peers an (6) 32 1 8 3) |-22.0 I GH Sie 1:19) 0
peo... 42 8) 31-10 6 On 2T2 8 4 RE 7) aS |-LOy) 2
27 42 61 31.3 8 || S21. 4 O Ojvl7 10) 16, 5
yume 3):.. 143 1) 30 2/32 5. Ti 2t 38 Io 3/17 Io|19 5
PO. || 42°12 | 20x I 4 10|20 9 ” G07 "TO |-101* 27
ely eee 42 7) 29 <0 3 | 10 | 18 11 II || 6/18 oj19 8
Ped... || 42 S| 20. -4 mie | 2h 2005 9 Tike Oc TOL 10
oly. 2... ||42-.9|.29 9 | TOW 27) 21-19 LI 5 || CONST h Ay NL Ko) cic)
mS --. || 43. 0 | 30-4 I || 4/19 5 Io || SZ, RAN Tons
» IS. 43 3/31 I! 3 || 10} 21 3 10 9/17 719711
99 22... | 44 Oj 31 I! 5 || 4;19 9 3 |I BET Seton 5
eo. 1-43 5 | 33-5 5 6 | 20 10 8 || 2S) FO) 7
| Pipes. 44 9 | 33.9 O 4) 2Ou85 4 || REELS 3. tse 2
| Petree |! 44° 9/335 6 | 9) 20 4 9 || $18). 018-0
eOn. | 41.6 | 32.11 6 | I | 20° 11 8 Sfel7 El Wa 1O
peeeor.3|| 38 5. | 32°.-7 8 || 7 | 20 10 ite) ANE e218 oO
OM E2 5.6 ui 37~ 2/32. 2 7 || au 22 710 4 | GH T7221 18). 3
C Oe | 34°12 | 31 11 10 Ti 233 4 Sty 2 Lo. at
eetor..- || 33 /6| 30 TI fe) 5|24 3 O | 9/16 6/18 5
9 23... || 32 9| 30 2 4 8|24 2 II TARO. 3 18.00
meso)--.-|| 32, /2).30 1 6 9/24 4 2/10 4) 10. 1
Mere eZ. |) 30. 8 | 30° 1 7 9|24 7 0/16 3/19 5
meet ay. || 30 430 2 ONs251 1 O|16 2
9» 21... || 31 8/30 4 | Wie25 3 1/16 1
peo)... -|' 31 10 |-30 4 9/25 4 0/16 2
BOW. 4.20) [32 °5)| 30.4 9|25 6 OF TOs a2
» I... | 32 5 | 29 II 7/25 4 Tr) 35 11
eS... | 32 -7:| 29. 8 Ol Shy, 1 4|16 1
eee 5 <2. || 33 0 |-29' 11 8 | 24 10 3 eon a4
Dec. 2... || 33 3/30 6 1/24 7 4) 107
Br 9-.--|| 33 3 |.3° 9 [25 7|24 3 3) 1Ol 79
ee tom. | 33° 2) 30°: 7 212250 4| 16 Io
ees)... || 331/30 7 2| 23 I0 4|16 9
gues o | 33 -3| 30: 5 |, I} 23 9 4|16 9
r RR a TNE I TEE EE SE RTS ESS OED OE ERO SI
| NoTre.—Returns of purchases by weight or weighed measure are converted to

Imperial Bushels at the following rates: Wheat, 60 Ib.; Barley, 50 lb.; Oats,

39 lb. per Imperial Bushel.

is aro wis
eee

OP 0}

626 PRICES OF CORN. (OCLs

AVERAGE PRICES of Wheat, Barley, and Oats per Imperial
Quarter in FRANCE, BELGIUM, and GERMANY, and at
PARIS, BERLIN, and BRESLAU.

WHEAT. BARLEY. _ OaTs.

1910. IQII. | IQI0. IQII. IQIO, | IQII.
Sein tee eas eed. Sy a s.° a, Se nde | Sede
) France: August AGS anleqey aA! 25 4 26 4 213 2h ae
September | 46 1 | 42 8 25 5 26 II 21 M2 ee
Paris ; August 48 I0 | 43 4 22 0 26).2 22 1s) 22: ier
September | 48 Fo | 43 6 24 8 27 O 21S 4\, 22.16
Belgium: July BBN1O 7 1944003 220 nA 242 20) 27G 207,
August 24) 16)5 | 33° 1S 22 al 25 4 20 O| 20 10
Germany: July ATE) 743,04 2A) tg 27 sik 20. Vi) 25
August QT hee 24 35 | | 30) 36 20:1) 2.7\, 23 eaat
Berlin: July AUS alist) <s) o — BL Od 235.
August AAW Weg 6 — | — 2 3 yh 2a

{ Benue sie, Ahoy
4 Breslau: July 40 II | 41 6{ ae aah 24 ot } 19 8 | 22 11
August 8 7{ Fae ties S, \ 20 22°47

g 36 4 | 39 22 11+ | 24 of 8
* Brewing. + Other.

Nove.—The prices of grain in France have been compiled from the official
weekly averages published in the Journal d Agriculture Pratigue ; the Belgian
quotations are the official monthly averages published in the Monzteur Belge; the
‘German quotations are taken from the Deutscher Reichsanzeiger, the prices for the
German Empire representing the average of the prices at a number of markets.

AVERAGE PRICES of British Wheat, Barley, and Oats at certain
Markets during the Month of September, 1910 and IgQII.

WHEAT. BARLEY. OaTs.
1910, IQII. 1910, IQII. | 1910. IQII.

Sed. S. 19d: Gnd. Seeds Send, S

London... we sie BZ TOR 220324! 27 bie 2Oreas 17 he 28
| Norwich sa Se BROS Bis 8 ec 25d ae 1S) AO eal
Peterborough ie Develee ekornwc il B17 | 23 (90). FO. 67) Gao. aa 18 | P
em
Lincoln... a Lipa agO MOM B2nOnl 22 2407 ln” 29 17 401.748 ie
Doncaster ee nee | 932 Ay 32. O20" Aton. 19.19 Eicon mate ig
Salisbury es vowel 230. 20 1, 36 35 | a2 a7) Oars oe eer | ¢

,
1
je
es
y
ay

PRICES OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE. 627

IQII.]

AVERAGE PRICES of PROVISIONS, POTATOES, and HAY at certain
MARKETS in ENGLAND and SCOTLAND in the Month of
September, IQII.

(Compiled from Reports received from the Board's Market

Reporters.)
Bristol. Liverpool. London. Glasgow.
Description. |
First | Second | First | Second | First | Second} First | Second
Quality. | Quality. | Quality. | Quality. | Quality. | Quality. | Quality. | Quality.
id) se aaah shige | seas is eds Sid liose deh a |
BUTTER :— per 12 1b. |per 12 ib. |per 12 1b. per 12 1b. /per 12 lb.|per 12 1b. |per 12 Jb. |per 12 Ib.
British 16 0. |) 15°70 — T5i O8|, 14} One 16 90" 5. OF
per cwt. | per cwt. | per cwt. | per cwt. | per cwt. | per cwt. | per cwt. | per cwt. |
Irish Creamery | 127 6 | 123 126 123) 0.|° 128 0: | 124.0. | 123 6 — |
», Factory 114 0] 108 6| 113 0| 105 6] 113 6| 110 oO _— — |
Danish a — 135).-0) |) 133) 0 8134) 65/32 O13 8 16.) 127.0 |
French == — — — 135, 0 |.131 :o _ — |
Russian TOKO PLO 60! F196) 115, ..6) | 12i oe |. 118; 6,118 6°) 115 6 FT
Canadian $25,900. 122)- 6 | 125.0! |, 122°. — _ 126 0/| 122 of
Australian £2270. T1S)0 _ — [25.70 |} £216 — — |
CHEESE :—
British— i
Becidateeii77O | 271, Ol 77.6) 75.01 82 oO} 75 Of 172. 0 | 70, 0%
120 lb. | 120 1b. | 120 lb. | 120 lb.
Cheshire ... = — WO} 72s KOM Od Or 72" 0 — —
: per cwt. |per cwt. | per cwt. | per cwt.
Canadian GO On7.07 4 © |')69.0 12 (67: Ol." 69 6 |)708 6) 70. 0'|- 68 6
BACON :—_
Ish... Hoe OF 00). On 7 O67 rou zar om FOO FE OX), 68 “oO f
Canadian 64 6| 62 6{| 64 0} 60 0} 65 6| 63 Oo — =
Hams :—
Cumberland... ~ _— —- a 108 0]| 100 oO —_ —
Irish .., a aa = — — 108 6/105 Oj 117 6| 112 of
American |
Venseut)| 69 6: 67 0] 66 6| 62 6| 73 0]. 70 6| 66 6| 63. 6f
Eces :— | per 120. per 120. | per 120. | per 120. | per 120. | per 120. | per 120. | per 120. }
British U2ee Sr et Ti — — DAA 2 8 = =
Irish ... Pee 2 ey 1O Os ily eae! Ol An LE 7 TO. 0.2 Er? 4 ton’ 5 F
Danish Nee IO 7 wit Ol tO, Zr) 441. 6) 10 O40 ER opener 1 |
POTATOES :— | per ton. | per ton. | per ton. | per ton. | per ton | per ton. | per ton. | per ton. :
| British Queen Seon Zl OF WSS Ol GO) 07), 89° 6 | SO <0 — _
Edward VII. 637964772 6 | 566) \-51' 6 | 85 01,77 -.6 — —
Meese). | 82 0|- 75.0). 51 6) 46 6] 90.0) 83,6 -73 6 —
Hay :—
Clover NOS uO! ie O20) TOS On| 82. 6 | 110; 6 | 07, Orr: 80. |-775). OF
Meadow 95), OF» 81 0 —_ — 112.0 90 .O|c, — ol

628 DISEASES OF ANIMALS. * focus

DISEASES OF ANIMALS ACTS, 1894 to 1910,

NUMBER OF OUTBREAKS, and of Ours Attacked Ore
Slaughtered.

GREAT BRITAIN.
(From the Returns of sie Board of Agriculture and Fishertes.)

NINE MONTHS
ENDED SEPTEMBER.

SEPTEMBER.

DISEAs.r.
IQII. IQIO. IQII. 1910.

Swine-Fever :— : |
Outbreaks ah | 184
Swine Slaughter-d as “diseased |

or exposed to infection an tl| 22,008

Anthrax — | :
Outbreaks* _... re el 87 : : fr
Animals attacked mak | 99 a ; i

Foot-and-Mouth Disease :— |
Outbreaks ae Ae
Animals attacked

Glanders (including ee —

Outbreaks ae | 225 40 152 288
Animals attacked el 64 99 - 367 861

seal SP ck SER aa Se le SN, el

Sheep-Scab :— |
Outbreaks si | 5 15 311 350

|

* For 1910 the figures show the outbreaks reported, but for 1911 the
outbreaks confirmed.

IRELAND. = |
(rom the Returns of the Department of Agriculture daa > ie
Technical LOSE: Jor Ireland.) 5
} Suermees. | Aine Mowmae a
DISEASE.
IQII. 19IO. IQII. IgIO.

Swine-Fever :—
Outbreaks er 14 2 104

Swine Slaughtered as “diseased
or exposed to infection ; | 190 15 1,765
Anthrax :— |
Outbreaks 5ce re ae a a 7
Animals attacked _... Sa 2 _ 14
| Glanders (including Faxcy): a
Outbreaks he mean a — 2
Animals attacked ... ee — a 3
f | |
| Sheep-Scab :— |
Outbreaks es ae zl 12a 16-0 265

1QLI.| ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. : 629

ADDITIONS TO THE. LIBRARY.

[NoTE.—The receipt of aznual publications of foreign agricultural and other
departments, experiment stations and societies is not noted in the monthly list
of additions to the Library. A list of these publications appeared in the Journal
for October, November, and December, 1909. ]

Agriculture, General and Miscellaneous—

Kronacher, Dr. C.—BSilder von einer landwirtschaftl. Gesellschaftsreise
durch England und Schottland. (164 pp.) Hanover: M. and H. Schaper,
moe (AL 2 cu A. 127]

Duggar, B. M.—Plant Physiology with Special Reference to Plant Produc-
Monn A(5to pps), - New York: The Macmillan, Co.,° 1911. . 7s. net.
[B. 16-3; B. 17.]

King, F. H.—The Soil. Its Nature, Relations, and Fundamental. Principles
of Management. (303 pp.) New York: The Macmillan. Co., -1909.
Gs: 6d. net. [B: 40-1.].

Deutsche Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft.—Arbeiten. Heft. 192 :—Betriebsver-
haltnisse der deutschen Landwirtschaft. Stiick XIV. (85 pp.) Berlin:
Paul Parey, to11. [A. 28.]

Towa Agricultural Experiment .Station.—Research Bull. No. 1:—The
Chemical Nature of the Organic Nitrogen in the Soil. (46 pp.) Ames,
Iowa, 1911. [B. 40-9.]

Texas Agricultural Experiment Stations. See ait No. 138 :—Co-operative
Fertilizer Experiments with Corn, Cotton, Rice, Cauliflower, Peanuts,
Onions, Tomatoes, and Potatoes, 1908-9-10. (71 pp.) [B. 46.] Bull.
No. 139 :—Electrolysis of Humus Solutions. An Improved Method for
the Estimation of Humus. (15. pp.) Brazos County,. Texas, 1911.
[B. 40-9.]

U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.—Farmers’ Bull. No. 454:—A Successful New
York Farm. (32 pp.) [A. 80.]. Farmers’ Bull. No. 460:—Frames as a
Factor in Truck Growing. (29 pp.) [B. 8-3.] Washington, 1911.

U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry.—Bull. No. 215 :—

_ Agriculture in the Central Part of the Semiarid Portion of the Great
Plains. (43 pp.) Washington, 1911. [A. 80; B. 56—1.]

U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Boras of Chee. —Circ. No. 74 :—Detection
and Determination of Small Quantities of Ethyl and Methyl Alcohol and
of Formic Acid. (8 pp.) Washington, 1911. [B. 22-5.]

Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station.—Bull. No. 208 :—Crop Demon-
strations on State and County Farms. (30 pp.) Madison, Wisconsin,
i911. [A. 80; B. 46.] Gay

Georgia Experiment Station.—Bull. No. 81:—The Effect of Carbonates

upon Nitrification. (42 pp.) Experiment, Georgia, 1908. [B. 40-9.]

_ kussell, E. J., and Golding, ].—Sewage Sickness in Soil, and its Ameliora-

tion by Partial Sterilisation. (16 pp.) [Reprinted from the Journal of

2 the Society of Chemical Industry, April 29th, 1911.] [B. 24-7; B. 40-1.]

_ Bengal, Dept. of Agricultuve-—Recommendations for the Work of the
_ Department in Assisting the Agricultural Shows of Bengal. (87 pp. +
_ Plates.) Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Press, 1911. [A. 60.]

_ Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.-—Circ. No. 11 :—Lime for Agri-

Sy) cultural Purposes. (4 pp.) .East Lansing, Mich. 1911. [B. 24-5.]

Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Scotland._-The Geology of Colonsay and
_ Oronsay, with Part of the Ross of Mull: (109 pp.) London: E. Stanford,
Mona 25. 30... 36. ]

630 ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. [ocT.,

First Report of the Proceedings of the Development Commissioners for the
Period from 12th May, 1910, to the 31st March, 1911. (H.C., 199-1911.)
(60 pp.) London: Wyman and Sons, 1911. 3d. [A. 2-1.]

Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal.—Seventh Report. Vol. II.—
Appendices.—Part I. :—-Minutes of Evidence and Reports to the Commis-
sion in reference to Growths of Green Sea-weeds in Sewage Polluted
Estuaries. [Cd. 5543.] (145 pp. + maps.) London: Wyman and Sons,
ep Oi ee Gh LE), ah

Board of Trade.—Report upon the Conditions and Prospects of British
Trade in Syria. [Cd. 5707.] (215 pp.+ map.) London: Wyman and
Sons, 191n. 25. TAS 624

Field Crops—

“Home Counties” (J. W. Robertson-Scott).—Sugar Beet: Some Facts and
Some Illusions: A Study in Rural Therapeutics. (424 pp.) London:
Horace Cox, 1911. 6s. net. [C. 34-1; C. 34-5.] [This book deals with
sugar-beet cultivation with special reference to the possibility of its suc-
cessful commercial cultivation in the United Kingdom.]

Texas Agricultural Experiment Station.—Bull. No. 137 :—Alfalfa in North- —
west Texas. (17 pp.) Brazos County, Texas, 1911. [C. 44-3.] —
Maine Agricuitural Experiment Station.—Bull. No. 183:—Experiments in ©
Breeding Sweet Corn. (249-316 pp. +8 plates.) Orono, Maine, 1911.

[C20 Bo 174

U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.—Farmers’ Bull. No. 455 :—Red Clover. (48 pp.)
[C. 42-3.] Farmers’ Bull. No. 458 :—The Best Two Sweet Sorghums for
Forage. (23 pp.) [C. 34-9.] Washington, 1911.

U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry.—Bull. No. 138 :—Trans-
location of Plant Food and Elaboration of Organic Plant Material in
Wheat Seedlings. (32 pp.) Washington, 1911. [C. 2-1.]

Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station.—Bull. No. 206 :—Tobacco
Culture in Wisconsin. (30 pp.) [C. 54.] Bull. No. 212 :—Barley Culture
in Wisconsin. (17 pp.) [C. 8.] Madison, Wisconsin, 1911.

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station.—Bull. No. 175 :—Grasses.
(292-394 pp.) Manhattan, Kansas, 1911. [C. 42-1.]

Washington Agricultural Experiment Station.—Bull. No. 99 :—Field Pea Pro-
duction in Washington. (23 pp.) [C. 36.] Bull. No. 100:—Wheat and
Flour Investigations. I. Analyses and Tests of Crops of 1908 and 1909.
II. The Composition and Milling Quality of Washington Wheats. III. A
Simple Apparatus for Determining the Milling Qualities of Wheats.
(52 pp-) [C. 2-1.] Pullman, Washington, 1911. |

Georgia Experiment Station.—Bull. No. 93:—Corn Production. (143— |
154 pp.) Experiment, Georgia, 1911. [C. 20.]

Canada, Central Experimental Farm.—Bull. No. 67 :—Growing and Using
Mangels, Sugar Mangels, and Forage Sugar Beets, with Notes on their
Chemical Composition. (29 pp.) Ottawa, 1911. [C. 32; C. 34-3.]

Smetham, A.—The Dietetic Value of the so-called Standard Bread. (22 pp.)
[Reprinted from the Journai of the Royal Lancashire Agricultural Society t
LOL yIOL EA LO.

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Agriculture.—Bull. No. 190 :— |
The Potato: Selection of Seed and Cultivation. (61 pp.) Harrisburg, |
Pennsylvania, 1910. [C. 26-3.] —

Live Stock— ey

Barton, F. T.—-Horses and Practical Horsekeeping. (643 pp.) Londes *
Jarrold and Sons, n.d. 10s. 6d. net. [F. 64-1.] F

Canada, Dept. of Agriculture, Branch of Live Stock Commissioner. Bulle
No. 14 :—Horse Breeding and Rearing of Colts. (15 pp.) Ottawa, 19th
[F. 64-1.] .

19II.] ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. 631

Experiments with Cows and Calves. (84-97 pp.) [F. 68-1.] Bull. No.
215 :—Cottonseed Meal Feeding Experiments with Mules and Horses.
(148-169 pp.) [F. 64-3.] Bull. No. 216 :-—Feeding Cottonseed Meal to
. Draft Animals. (174-186 pp.) [F. 64-3.] Bull. No. 218 :—Feeding

Experiments with Beef Cattle. (24-44 pp.) [F. 68-1.] West Raleigh,
Nozth Carolina, 1911.

North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station.—Bull. No. 213 :—Feeding

| Dairying and Food, General—

Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.—Bull. Ne. 264 :—Second Report
of Grade Dairy Herd. (75-89 pp.) East Lansing, Michigan, 1911.
} [G. 50-1.]

j Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station.—Bull. No. 210 :—Progress of

the Dairy Industry in Wisconsin. (30 pp.) [G. 22.} Bull. No. 211 :—

Buttermilk Cheesemaking at the Creamery. (17 pp.) [G. 66-1.] Cire.

of Information No. 27:—How to Use the Babcock Test. (26 pp.)

ea [G. 56-5.] Madison, Wisconsin, 1911.

. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station.—Bull. No. 190 :—Co-operative

: Herd Testing. (30 pp.) Blacksburg, Virginia, 1911. [G. 56-7.]

| North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station.—Bull. No. 220 :—Care and
Management of the Dairy Herd. (70-84 pp.) West Raleigh, North
Carolina, 1911. [G. 50-1.] —

Georgia Experiment Station.—Bull. No. 86 :—Sorghum vs. Corn Meal as a
Source of Carbohydrates for Dairy Cattle. (17-27 pp.) Experiment,
Georgia, 1909. [G. 50-1.] |

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Agriculture.—Bull

. No. 200 :—
Skim-Milk Cheese.

(15 pp.) Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 1911. [G. 66-1.]
/ Memoirs of the Dept. of Agriculture in India, Chemical Series.—Vol. I1.,
_____No. 1:—The Composition of the Milk of some Breeds of Indian Cows
and Buffaloes and its Variations. Part I.—The Milk of some Breeds of
a Indian Cows. (61 pp.) Calcutta, 1911. [G. 16; G. 56-7.]

‘Veterinary Science—

Smith, F.—A Manual of Veterinary Hygiene. [Third edition.] (1035 pp.)
London: Bailliére, Tindall & Cox, 1905. 15s. net. [H. 28-1.]

- Untied Provinces of Agra and Oudh, Dept. of Land Records and Agri-
culture.—Bull. No. 24, Agricultural Series:—Note on the Foot and
Mouth Disease of Cattle in the United Provinces. (4 pp.) Allahabad,

fee tort. fH. 36-9.]

_ Nuttall, G. H. F., and Warburton, C.—Ticks, a Monograph of the

ft _. Ixodoidea. Part II. (105-348 pp.) Cambridge: University Press, 1911.
me i2s. net. TH. so-7.]

é eU.S. Dept. of Agriculiure, Bureau of Animal Industry.—Bull. No. 130 :—

_ Studies on the Biology of the Texas-Fever Tick. (42 pp.) [H. 36-11.]

. _ Washington, 1911. /

_ Royal Commission on Tuberculosis (Human and Bovine).—Final Report.

’ Part I. :—Report. [Cd. 5761.] (54:pp.) London: Wyman & Sons, 1911.

6d. [H. 54-3.]

| Uz.S. Dept. of Agriculture.—Farmers’ Bull. No. 459 :—House Flies. (16 pp.)

; ae Washington, 1911. [H. 50-1.]

| U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Biological Survey.—Circ. No. 82 :—

_ The Mammals of Bitterroot Valley, Montana, in their Relation to Spotted

. Fever. (24 pp.) Washington, 1911. [H. 50-7; K. 2.]

| Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station.—Bull. No. 189 :—Some Diseases

| of Swine. (19 pp.) Blacksburg, Virginia, 1910. [H. 40-1.]

North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station.—Press Bull. No. 23 :—

_ How to Suppress Houseflies. (2 pp.) West Raleigh, North Carolina,
meeeroit. [H. 50-1.

632 ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. [OCT., 1911.

Birds, Poultry and Bees— *
North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station.—Bull. No. 211 :—Feeding
and Management of Poultry for Egg Production. (39-64 pp.) - West
Raleigh, North Carolina, 1910. [K. 12-3.] J

Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station.—Bull. No. 67 “Water Glass ao
Preservative for Eggs. (267-274. pp.) Storrs, Connecticut, 1911.
[K. 12-9.]

U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology.—Circ.. No. 138 :—The
Occurrence of Bee Diseases in the United States. Preliminary Report.
(25 pp.) Washington, 1911. [K. 16-9.]

Ontario Dept. of Agriculture, Ontario Agricultural College.—Bull. No.
189 :—Farm Poultry, with the Results of some Experiments in Poultry —
Houses and Fattening Chickens. (64 pp.) Toronto, 1911. [K. 12-3;
K. 12~-13.] 4

U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal [nace —Circ. No. 172 :—

The Ostrich Industry of the United States. (231-238 pp.) Washington, a
¥
¥
¥
¥
¥

be |
v7
te

i
«|

TOW Ae es 8]
Lander, patente der Bienenkunde in Einzeldarstellungen. If.
Krankheiten und Schadlinge der erwachsenen Bienen. (40 pp. an
plates.) Stuttgart: Eugen Ulmer, 1911. [K. 16-9.] .
South Australia, Dept. of Agricultuwre-—The Single Testing System a
Breeding for Egg Production. (14 pp.) Adelaide, 1911. [K. 12-9.] hil
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.—Farmers’ Bull. No. 456 :—Our Grosbeaks and
their Value to Agriculture. (14 pp.) [K. 8-11.] Farmers’ Bull. No.
470 :—Game Laws for tg11. (52 pp.) [K. 18-13.] Washington, 1911. —
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Biological Survey.—Circ. No. 80:—
Progress of Game Protection in 1910. (36 pp.) Washington, 191t.
[K. 18-13.] |
Davenport, Charles B.—Inheritance of Characteristics in Domestic Fowl.
(100 pp.+ 12 plates.) Washington: Carnegie Institution, 1909.
[Ko 2-1 8.7 17.
Maine Agricultural Experiment Station.—Bull. No. 176:—Ligaments of
the Oviduct of the Domestic Fowl. (20 pp. +4 plates.) [K. 12-3.]
Poultry Notes—1909. (65-124 pp.) [K. 12-3; B. 17.] Bull. No. 184 :—
Digestion Experiments with Poultry. (317-336 pp.) [K. 12-3.] Oronoy
Maine, 1911. ;

Dept. of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland,—Conference on
the Poultry Industry, Dublin, May, 1911. Report of Proceeding
(234 pp.) London: Wyman sal Sons, agri. 1s.. [K.°12—-5.]

Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station.—Circ. No. 13 :—Bee Keeping
in Porto Rico. (32-pp.) San Juan, P:R, 1911 Koos | ‘

Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.—Circ. No. 12 :—Tuberculosis in
Fowls. (4 pp.) East Lansing, Mich., 1911. [K. 12~.] il

Report of the Departmental Committee on Grouse Disease. (Cd. 587g a
(12 pp.) London, Wyman and Sons, 1911. 13d. [K. 18-3.]

The Grouse in Health and in Disease, being the Final Report of the
Committee of Inquiry on Grouse Disease.* 2 vols. (512 pp.+.151 PP-) )
London: Smith, Elder and Co., 1911. £2 2s. net. [K. 18-3.] ; )

U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry.—Circ. No. 83 :—Deteri a
g
|

tion of Eggs as Shown by Changes in the Moisture Content. (7 pp
Washington, 1911. [K. 12-9.]

[Books may be borrowed from the Board’s Library on certain condita
which may be ascertained on application. The volumes marked *- are
-available for lending.] + <

(877). E525 337 & 450.5 0,000 A0/11,.. REG wis. utd

THE JOURNAL OF THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE— Advertisements. 1x

YOUR CROPS
SAVED FROM BIRD
— PESTS AT

Per GY. Acre

The small cost of Sixpence per acre
will protect your Seed-corn, Wheat, Peas, Barley,
= Beans, &e. (reckoning two bushels seed per acre)

from the ravages of birds.

“ENCE YO ae,
fap te

ROOKS, PHEASANTS, PIGEONS

and Vermin,
pyusing = VUSINE D.G.

The wonderful NON-POISONOUS liquid seed dressing.

CORN GROWERS, make your own simple calculation of the average cost
per acre, consisting of your usual Smut dressings, Bird Minders’ Wages,
Cartridges, and extra seed allowed for the birds. Practical farmers estimate
the combined cost under the OLD METHODS to be from 2/6 to 3/6 per
acre. CORVUSINE does the work far more efficiently, and at the same

= time shows A HARD CASH SAVING OF 2/- TO 3/- PER ACRE.
CORVUSINE is the best and most natural means of protecting seed-corn from

ae the depredations of farmers’ pests, as it is there NIGHT, DAY, AND EARLY
MORN—EVERYWHERE AT ONE TIME.
= CORVUSINE is invaluable with all Autumn sowings as a PREVENTIVE OF
PREMATURE GROUND ROT, and assists in producing a HIGH PERCENTAGE OF
all GERMINATION.
ae CORVUSINE IS.AN EFFICIENT SMUT DRESSING. CORVUSINE should be
used on all kinds of seed-corn. Use CORVUSINE and sow less seed per acre.
~~ The operation of dressing is simple and readily done. Saves £1 for every 1/- spent in
w its cost. Sceptics should try the wonderful effects of CORVUSINE on a field of corn
against another not so dressed or with any other dressing.
fe CORVUSINE is sent out ready for use in specially patented cans with Measure
‘a and Sprinkler, with full directions, at the following prices :—
~~ —
~ Wheat, al |
a Peas, Beans, Barley, | Oats, |
~~ Vetches, Maize, | Rye, &c. | &e |
~ Buckwheat. |
aimed a ela ALONG ree MN Amen Ne
oo Bushels. | Bushels.; | Bushels. | £ s. a.
= No. 1 16 14 12 | O 4 6
No. 2} Containing eetlent | 40 35 30 010 6G
: No. 3) Corvusine to treat J 80 70 60 100
aa No. 4 | 200 175 150 ee O

Ask your Seed Merchant to-day for CORVUSINE, orif any difficulty be experienced
in obtaining supplies, write direct to the Manufacturer, and all sized Cans (excepting
No. 1, for which 6d. extra must be included for carriage) will be sent Carriage Paid, or
name of nearest Agent given. Cash should accompany order where correspondent is
unknown to us.

Manufactuer-ARTHU R E. HAWKER, CONDON MEIC:

eortere

ro

x dopa J 2 Gia ae ue hake See OF eM ULTURE. “advertisements, t

| COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, | Tur University OF Leen!)

HOLMES CHAPEL, CHESHIRE. | DEPARTMENT OF AGRIGULTUR:,

(University of Manchester.) i Complete Courses in Agriculture, suits!
A for Farmers, Land Owners, Land Ages
Valuers,or Teachersof Agricultural Scieg

RESIDENTIAL COLLEGE, standing on its own farm, | The Ww inter Courses prepare for thé
f and in the centre of fine district for dairying, stock rais- § NATIONAL DIPLOMA, |
ing, potato growing, and general mixed farming. Staff | INCLUSIVE FEES: Complete Winter Course, a
@ of seven lecturers and demonstrators. Fully equipped § Special Summer Course, £5.
for scientific and practical agricultural training ; recently | AMPLE OROVISION FOR RESEARCH.

f enlarged buildings. Practical work on farm specially | es : Sake
] supervised. Coursein estate inanagement and forestry. | Special Branches of Agriculture dealt with inS

; . artes 5 gage i Session. The FARM WORK and EXPERIMENT;

j Preparation for college diploma, Surveyors’ Institution, | ; k

| and other examinations. Degree course (B.Sc. Agr.) { GARFORTH form an integral part of the instruct,

! of Manchester University. me ooeuts yaa, fae Agricul in |

‘ : n ie
Prospectus on application to T. J. Younae, F.S.I. i xQriinatonier e Destel Om

Heels > | PROSPECTUS FROM THE REGISTRAR
} Paneipal THE UNIVERSITY, LEEDS.

EDINBURGH AND EAST OF SCOTL D
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE. | ie

The Classes arranged in conjunction with the Univel
of Edinburgh qualify for all the higher Agrituys

Examinations. Calendar on application to—
ALEXANDER McCALLUM, M.A., LL.B., Sed
13, woes Square, Edinburg

BRADLEY COURT, MITCHELDEAN,

GLOUCESTERSHIRE (late Wellingore Hall),
PREP. FOR COLONIES; special care with
BACKWARD and DELICATE BOYS; FARM
AND COLONIAL SCHOOL; general school curri-
culum, with handicrafts and much outdoor work;
gentlemen’s sons only; ages 14 to 19; beautiful and
bracing situation. — Principal, W. Hunter GaAnpy,
Int.B.Se., F.R.G.S.

EDUCATIONAL. rs

DANYSZ VIRUS is not a Pyton: but , DESTROYS

7
i

Harmless to Human Beings, Domestic & other Animals.)
Single Tube, 2/-; Three Tubes, 5/-3 Pest Free from—

| THE WEST OF SCOTLAND
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Blythswood Sq., GLASGOW. DANYSZ VIRUS, Ltd., Box 314 |
Dairy School at Kilmarnock. 52, Leadenhall Street, London, E.C., and of all Chemist iy

PROSPECTUS FREE. ee pe
| FARM ACCOUNT BOOK. |-

| MR. RIDER HAGGARD writes :—“ My bailiff keeyall |
his accounts in one of taese books.” | |

, The MOST SIMPLE and perfect form of accoun\or

| Farmers, giving daily, weekly and yearly ie

Absolutely necessary to all; simplifies yearly ba/iee

f sheets for Income Tax purposes. For all size fart) _

f Of all Stationers or post free. 7/6; G/-, 4/6} 5 5

| JARROLD & SONS, Ltd., Publishers, Norw:

LONDON: 10 j ri, Warwick Lane, E.C

[
14
-Just Published, Pp. 6€6, with 118 Illustrations. 10/6 net. Prize Bred Polled Angu ine

DISEASES OF LIVE STOCK Cows, Bulls, & Heifers.) |

if

\

By J. E. HODGINS, V.8., V.D., and T. H. HASKETT, :
D.V.D., Sec. of Vet. Science Assoc. Finest Strains. Inspection inva

hae st Published, pee xi. +186. Bis 3/6 net, |
OUR HORSES,
THEIR DISEASES AND TREATMENT

By G. 8S. HEATLEY, M.R.C.V.S. Dedicated to the
Duke of Portland, whose stud the author has had the
honour of attending professionally for many years.

Bailliere, Tindall & Cox, Covent Garden, London.

a

A practical Ee patpoe for Farmers and Stockowners,
dealing fully with the Diseases of Horses, Cattle, Sheep, | aah ach eS ies Maupamy nr. Hu

Pigs, Dogs, Poultry, etc., and their treatment. roti at Py i y
Bailliere, Tindall & Cox, Covent Garden, London. SSsrroee —
RICK “CLOTHS it

made up complete from 7d. per yard, hi
Waggon Ropes, all Hemp, from 3/6
Binder Twine, Thatching Cc@
Screening and Sacks: \#

HENRY & BARKER, 33, MARK LANE, LONDON;

Telephone No. 2017 Central.

THE RAT PERIL.

By piles Mac eae ie eee The authorities have proclaimed a war of extet! i
PiGs 9 CO WW S$, ation against rats, so deadly is the menace of pli

Pigsties and Pork, with Cowhouses and Milk, "with Every householder should do his duty and destroph
55 Figures. 24 plates, rats with the unfailing SANFORD’S RAT POIS!
Price 3/6 net. Price 2/6 net. the poison which dries up the bodies and eausi!

Pp. x. +210, with 41 Illustrations and many useful Tables
and Typical Results. Price 7/6 net.

PRACTICAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

By F. D. S. ROBERTSON, F.C.S.

This book deals exhaustively with the various processes
for the estimation of the principal constituents of soils,
manures, dairy and other agricultural products.

Bailliére, Tindall & Cox, Covent Garden, London.

smell. Rats eagerly devour itand die. Never ki he
SHEEP Ss GOATS to fail. 6d., 1s., 2s., 8s., and 5s. Of all chemists, 01 :
(IN PREPARATION). free from SANFORD & SON, Sandy, Beds. |

Bailliere, Tindall & Cox, Covent Garden, London.

THE JOURNAL OF THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURHE.— Advertisements. xi

= EE, BANKERS &
ESE ST AF 5 AGENTS, = =
59, West Smithfield, we ig, E.C.,

Victoria, 370, Buenos Ayres,

| ndertake all business, including PURCHASES, SHIPPING, INSURANCE,
PALES, MONEY ADVANCES, & COLLECTION of DRAFTS in connection
with PEDIGREE LIVE STOCK for the ARGENTINE.

i Farm Stock, Fire & Life Insurances at Lowest Wei ran eas Rates.

BREEDERS’ ANNOUNCEME ENTS.

ELORSEHS.-

: SHIRES.

7 ISDON STUD. Coxtin MaclverR, Owner. Stallions for hire or service. Young stock for sale.—J. 8S, Bate, Agent,

3laisdon, Glos.

RNS, H. W., BaxENDEN House, ACCRINGTON, LANCASHIRE, AND AT WILLOROSS FARM, GISBURNE, YORKSHIRE.—
jreeder of Shire Horses.

1TZ, FREDERICK ERNEST, UmBersitavr, HockLEy HeaTH, WARWICKSHIRE.— Shire Stallions, Mares, Fillies, prize-
vinners.— Particulars from Mr. JOHN IT. B. HARTLEY, Estate Office.

‘TINGHAM CORPORATION STOKE FARM.—Shire Horses.

RSON, H. H.; BRicKENDONBURY, HERTFORD.—Stud Horses, Coleshill Forester 24149, Finstall Landmaster 24247, Severn
Jhampion 27759, Grayingham Hero 28343: well bred mares and fillies for sale: inspection invited.—Apply, Estate
_ fice, Brickendonbury, Hertford.

MONS, LEOPOLD, Norbury Park Shire Stud.—Stud Horses. Norbury Menestrel 23543, Hendre Champion, 18079,
Jowsby Forest King 27253, Norbury Hlection 28605; Mares and Fillies usually for sale. —For Stud Fees and particulars
ie Mr. J. Bastin, Estate Office, Norbury Park, Dorking.

HACKNEYS.
HUNTERS.

| {INSON BROS., Cark Mints, CArRK-IN-CARTMEL.—Breeders registered Hunters, Thoroughbreds, Shires ; well-trained
\unters, harness horses, \ vanners, lurry horses ; prices moderate.

d SUFFOLK.

: 7}, MRS. WILLIAM.—Hackney Horses.

|
30URNEH SUFFOLKS, the property of Kennera M. Cxiark, Hsq. The largest Stud in England, containing over 150
edigree animals. 339 prizes and honours (including 12 Champion prizes, 5 for stallions and 7 for nares) won since 1898,
_ everal Eeoutising young stallions for sale cheap.—Apply, J: M. Lonas, Home Farm, Sudbourne Hall, Orford, Suffolk.

Fi MISCELLANEOUS.

CHAR, JOHN, Wy.prE Green, BirmincHam.—Breeder of Shires, Hackneys. Several have been successful in the show-
ard. Colts and Fillies by the leading Stallions of the day.

| PONIES.
‘ SHALL-DUGDALE, LLANFYLLIN, MoNTGOMERYSHIRE.—Breeder and Exporter. High-class Welsh Ponies. Prizes won
_ t Royal, London, and Welsh National Shows. (18)

| CAT TT.

ABERDEEN-ANGUS.

ISLEY PARK HERD OF ABERDEEN-ANGUS CATTLE, the property of Sir GrorGE Cooper, Bart., comprising
rica, Pride, Miss Burgess, Lady Ida, Matilda, Jemima, of Morlich families. Prizes won during 1908-9 & 10: 23 Firsts,
2 8econds, 2 Gold Medals, 3 Silver Medals, 2 Challenge Cups, 2 Champions. Bulls, Cows, and Heifers for sale. —Apply
) JAMES E. THOROLD, Estate Office, Hur sley Park, Winchester.

CIBERY, EARL OF, K.G.—Dalmeny herd of select Aberdeen-Angus cattle of the best strains. Apply Manager, Home
arm, Dalmeny Park, by Edinburgh.
AYRSHIRE.

. MARK McTAGGART-STEWART, Bart., of Southwick, Dunifries.—Pedigree Ayrshire Cattle, Milk Register kept.
Flpply J. G. McMyn, Kirkbean, Dumfri ies, N.B.
| JERSEYS AND GUERNSEYS. ‘
BRIDGE, MRS., Elfordleigh, Plympton.—Pedigree Guernsey Herd. Young Stock and Bulls always for Realos ; also
_ ows and Heifers.
‘OLER & DE LA PERELLE, SourHampton.—Established 100 years. Largest Importers of Jerseys and Guernseys
( -jom the very best herds. Pedigree heifers, cows, and young bulls. Prices reaonable.

a KERRIES AND DEXTERS.
aRVN, STEPHEN J., Arp Carin, Naas, co. KinparrE. Pedigree Kerries and Dexters ; prize-winners at Royal, Dublin,

ad Belfast Shows.

sR SHORTHORNS.
ISH HOLSTEIN AND SHORTHORN BULLS from heavy milking cows always for Sale. Records kept for 25 years
_\spection invited.—Apply F. M. Srrurr, Whitelands, Witham, Essex.

RYDAS. W. D., Haughton Castle, Humshaugh, Northumberland. Young bulls and heifers for sale. Choice strains and
0a colours

‘A, A. C., GREAT ROLURIGHT Manor, CuHippinc Norton.—Pedigree Shorthorn Cattle, combining milk and flesh,
oung Bulls for Sale.
“FORTH GRANGE HERD of Dairy Shorthorns, the property of HERBERT STRAKER.—The cows for this herd have
¢ the last 12 years been selected from the best pedigree milking strains in England; young Bulls always on Sale.—
oply Farm Bailiff, Hartforth Grange, Richmond, Yorks.
NSON & SON, ANDERBY BANK, ALFORD, LINCS.—Lincoln Red Shorthorn Bulls for Sale, descended from the
‘st herds; beef and milking qualities combined ; inspection invited.

NURLEY DAIRY SHORTHORNS, Kirkpy-LoNsDALE, WESTMORELAND.—Selected specially for milking properties °:

d Lo at sundry Dairy Shows, including Butter Fat, at London.—Apply to Agent (Mr. Punchard) or Bailiff
| inson).

a i i aaa

xii THE JOURNAL OF THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.— Advertisements.

RED POLLS.

CRANWORTH, RT. HON. LORD, offers grand dual-purpose Red Polls. Milk average 2 cows, last three years, 8)
per cow perannum. During last seven years 176 distinctions won (including NINE Champions and EIGHT © C
Reserves in open classes),—Apply C. F. Stesppine, Letton, Thetford, England.

SHEEP.
HAMPSHIRE DOWN. .

HALL, A. C., GREAT RoLuricat Manor, Cuippinec Norton.—Registered Hampshire Down Flock. Rams sold ant brad

Oxford Fair ,
OXFORD DOWN.

HOUGHTON, J. H., Taz Grove, AsrorpBy, MreLton Mowsray.—Flock of upwards of 1,000 Pedigree Registered
Rams and Ewes for Sale privately, or by auction in September at Nottingham, Leicester, Melton, etc. Many pri

LINCOLN LONGWOOL., |
HOYLES, GEORGE, Skippy Manor, near Huity.—Pure Lincoln Longwool Sheep. Registered Flock. Fine long

fleeces. Inspection invited.
MISCELLANEOUS.

BROWN, W. H., Goprrey’s Farm, Sutton MALLET, BRIDGWATER, SOMERSET, has for Sale full pedigree, non-ré
Shropshire Down Rams, Ram Lambs, of good size and quality, at moderate prices; flock established 40 years]
one sire used except from best registered flock of Shropshires. Excellent crossing Sheep for fat or store lar
sheep exhibited at shows, but all kept in hardy condition and shorn bare, and Rams are guaranteed fo
Station : Bridgwater, G. W.R. and L. and §.W.R.

WENSLEYDALES.

UNDERLEY WENSLEYDALES (Blue-faced), from the best blood obtainable. Successfully exhibited —/
G. Robinson, Bailiff, Underley Farm, Kirkby-Lonsdale.

PIiGs.

BERKSHIRE.
BRAND, ADMIRAL the HON. T.S., GLynpE.—Large Herd of Pedigree Berkshires. Young Boars and Gilts from
strains for sale. Inspection solicited.—Particulars from Thos. W. Pickard, Home Farm, Glynde, Lewes.
ROBBINS, WALTER S., Mitt Hovust, STEEPLE BUMPSTEAD, EssEX.—Pedigree Berkshires, also Middle White Y«
and Large Black, of best breeding, finest quality, choicest strains, from 10 weeks, moderate prices.
WHITLEY HERD, Pedigree Berkshires, Property Corporation of Reading; over 200 head, from which are br
winners at leading shows.—Apply, Mr. T. CHETTLE, Whitley, Reading, Berkshire, England.

WILFRED BUCKLEY, MounpsmMERE Manor, BasINGSTOKE.—Prizes won during 1911 with 50 exhibits at thirteen
Agricultural Shows—7 Championships, or reserve Championships, 19 Firsts, 10 Seconds, 4 Thirds, 8
Total 49.—Apply CHARLES COOMBS.

LARGE WHITE

HYDE HALL HERD of Pedigree Large White Pigs. Young Boars and Gilts of the best strains for sale at
prices.—Apply, R. W. Dannatt, Hyde Hall, Great Waltham, Chelmsford, Essex.

NOTTINGHAM CORPORATION STOKE FARM.—Large White Pigs.

ROSEBERY, EARL OF, K.G.—Dalmeny herd of select Large White pigs of the best strains.—Apply Manage pie
Farm, Dalmeny Park, by Edinburgh.

THE WATFORD HERD of Large White Yorkshire and Berkshire Pedigree Pigs of the choicest breeding. Corres)
invited. Grand young breeding stock always on sale.—Apply, R. Ayre, Bushey Lodge Farm, Watford, Herts
from London).

THE WORSLEY HERD of Pedigree Large White Pigs, the property of the HaRL or ELLESMERE. 1911: At the’
Show, Norwich, 3 Firsts and Championship ; Bath and West of England, 3 Firsts and Championship; Peterk
Firsts and Championship; Highland, Inverness, 6 Firsts and Championship; Royal Lancashire, Bury, 5 F
Championship. All the above Prizes won by animals bred in the Worsley Herd. Championships over all bree
at the Smithfield Show have been won three years out of the last four years, the only times exhibited. Upwa
head of Buars, Sows, Gilts, and Gilts in pig to select from, at Farmers’ Prices. Inspection invited and trait
advice. Satisfaction Guaranteed. Pedigrees and full particulars on application to Mr. Stuart HEaton, HI
Worsley, nr. Manchester.

RAMSEY HERD OF PEDIGREE LARGE WHITE PIGS.—Young Boars and Gilts by President 2nd Royal Show GI
Ramsey Wyboston Ist Blackpool 1911, and Ramsey King; for Sale at moderate prices. J. I. Mason, Ramsey, Hu
shire.

LARGE AND MIDDLE WHITE YORKSHIRES.—One of the oldest and purest herds. Prices moderate.—Apply
J. Hine, Newnham Hall, Baldock. ;

TAMWORTH.

HAMEL, EGBERT DE, MippLeton Hatt, TamMwortH.—Tamworths (Pedigree Red), In-Pig, Service, and you
Tamworth Pip and Gilts. Prices moderate.

THE CHOLDERTON HERD of Pure Bred Pedigree Tamworth Pigs, the property of H.C. StmrpHens. A choice
of Boars, Sows, and Gilts, from this celebrated herd always on sale at moderate prices. Prizes won during |
Firsts, Four Seconds, and One Third, the B. T. P. B. Association Challenge Cup, and Two Gold Medals giv
N. P. B. Association. Prizes won 1905: Three Firsts, One Second, and One Third, also the B.T.P.B. 4
Challenge Cup, and one Gold Medal given by the N. P. B. Association.—Full particulars sent on application to
KERR, CHOLDERTON, SALISBURY, HNGLAND.

MIDDLE WHITE.

PAGET, LEOPOLD C., MippLeTHoRPE Hatt, YorxK.—Herd of Registered Pedigree Middle White Yorkshire Pi
Boars and Gilts, of the best quality and breeding, for sale at moderate prices.

STAPLEFORD PARK HERD OF MIDDLE WHITE PIGS.—A few Gilts and Boars for Sale. Apply C. 8
Wymondham, Oakham.

1H.

s” Fee
Po
uk

Wise

OU 7s.

COOK, WILLIAM AND SONS, Orpineton Hovusz, St. Mary Cray, Kent, established 1873.—Originatd ®
Orpington Fowls. Exporters to all parts of the world and entire risk taken. Birds for all purposes at most
prices. Over forty distinct varieties kept. Station: St. Mary Cray. Telephone: 7 Cray.

AUCTIONEERS, LIVE STOCK, EHTC., AGHN TS.

BROWN, W., & CO., AUCTIONEERS OF PEDIGREE AND OTHER STOCK; VALUATIONS AND REpoRTS ; TRING, HERTS.|

Burrows, Alfred J., F.S.I., Land Agent, Agriculturaland Timber Valuer, Ashford and Moadekoney Kent.
WATERS & RAWLENCE, SALISBURY

THE JOURNAL OF THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. xiii

MISCELLANEOUS ADVERTISEMENTS.
(CHEAP PREPAID.)

rde.—An infallible Cure for Gapes in Pheasants and Poultry. Sold in Tins, weighing about 2 lbs., 2s., each ; post free

},4d. Numerous proofs on application.—CHAMBERLIN & SmitH, Game Food Warehouse, Norwich.

-at Trades’ Journal,” one penny; guaranteed circulation, 19,000 weekly.—Offices: 63, Long Lane, West

nithfield, H.C.

| lity * Feeding Treacle.—Excellent for all stock. Wise farmers know its merits.—FrEp Drpr., ARGYLE MILLS

) iverpool.

‘ lity” Foods Great Egg Producers.—Granulated Meat, 12/6, Bone Meal, 8/6, Sussex Ground Oats, 11/-.

iscuit and Meat Meal, 12/6, Perfect Flint Grit, 3/3, Oyster-shell Grit, 3/3, all 112 lbs. each. Supreme Expert Mixed

| rain, 12/- 200 lbs. Free to carriers, send for full list. Freep Depr., ARGYLE MILLS, Liverpool.

4r Oaks” Gold Medal Knapsack Sprayers, Spraying Machines, Limewashing Machines, and Syringes

e British made, and admitted by all users to be the best on the market. Before buying elsewhere, send for

ttalogue to the Sole Manufacturers, Toe Four Oaks UNDENTABLE SYRINGE AND SPRAYING MacHINE Co. No. 88,

itton Coldfield.

‘+ Trees, Rose Trees, Grape Vines, Fig Trees, Strawberries, Rhubarb, Asparagus, Seakale.,

™ yerstock ; Cobs, Filberts, Black and Red Currants, Catalogues; Testimonials. Landscape Planting. Wit. TAvLER,

upton, Middlesex.

field Made, Haft and Blade.—'The best Garden Spades, Forks, and other Tools are made by THE Harpy

\wenT Pick Co., Ltd., Sheffield. Ask your Ironmongers for Hanpy’s tools, and see that you get them.

ite of Lime. Nitvrolim, Nitrate of Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, Guano, Basic Slag, Kainit, Supers., Boiled and

‘ssolved Bones, Salt, Lime, Peat Moss Litter, Feeding Stuffs, &c.—CLEMENT SWAFFIELD, Derby.

| Nicotine Fluid Sheep Dip.—Approved by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. The Dip of the future

ore effective and much better for the wool than Arsenical Dips. G. H. RicHarps, Manufacturer, 234, Borough High

reet, London, S.E.

»soted Wood Fencing, Paling, Gates, Buildings, for Farms and Hstates.—As supplied during the past half-
atury by ARMSTRONG, ADDISON AND Co., 19 North Bridge Street, Sunderland.

*oo Garden Canes.—5,000,000 always in Stock.—Send for Price List to M. Jacozs, Youne & Co., Ltd., Direct

porters, 265, Borough High Street, London, 8.H.

5, Registered Interlocking Celluloid Poultry Markers (12 colours), 12, 6d., 72, 2s. 6d. ; improved interlocking aluminium

igs, 12, 6d., 72, 2s.—HuGuHEs, 37, Hampton Hill, Middlesex.

‘Shoulders, Cuts, Wounds, &c., cured instanter by Pope’s ‘‘ Red Lotion ”’ (guaranteed), 20 years’ reputation as the

“jst marvellous healer extant; invaluable for grease, thrush, mange ; nothing equals it for ringworn in calves. Money

2k unless thoroughly satisfied. Goes furthest ; 60 applications in 2s. bottle.—Popn, Macdonald Street, Birmingham .

. Guns: Guns. Gradual Payments. Splendidly made and thoroughly reliable weapons at exceptionally low

ces. Hammer 4/- month, Hammerless 9/3 month. Send for list.—THomas WILD, 19 Whittall Street, Birmingham.

mde Sprayers, correct types, best for all purposes, strong, reliable, reasonable in price, solid copper, thousands

use, adopted by County Instructors. Apply for lists t») Orme, Evans & Co., Wolverhimpton.

its, Rats, Fish, Vermin, Birds, caught in thousands; nets, traps, snares, decoys; catalogues free.—

one, Net Manufacturer, Crewkerne.

FARII ACCOUNTS.

ai)3.C. System of Accounts for Farmers works
t Profit and Loss Account, Balance Sheet, &c.,
the Farm, as a whole, with guaranteed cer-
nty. Part Il. works out the Profit and Losses
Departments. A marvellous combination
|) extreme simplicity and perfect efficiency

cond Edition). Prospectus, etc., post free.

‘if JUEEN & CO., Moat Road, S. Leicester.

FERTILISERS and FEEDING MATERIALS
Hy. RICHARDSON & COMPY., Chemica] Fertiliser
Manufacturers and Agricultural Merchants,
will be glad to forward their Price Lists and Quotations on application.
4 Basic Slag, Potash Salts, Rape Nuts and Dust, Autumn Wheat

Manure, Nitrate of Lime, Nitrate of Soda, Linseed Cakes, Cotton
Cakes, Decorticated Cotton Cakes and Meal, Soya Cake and Meal, anc.
all other Fertilisers and Feeding materials. Also Agricultural Seeds.

Offices and Works: Skeldergate Bridge, YORK.

FDENNIS’S | A. A. SHORTHOUSE, Lid.

“LINCOLNSHIRE”

Meat and Cattle Salesmen,
DIC POWDERS) | ity moat market,

“ CURE ALL DISEASES OF PIGS. BIRMINGHA M.
. Soon repay their small cost. ALL KINDS OF STOCK SOLD ON COMMISSION
Sold everywhere, 10d, per doz, post 1/- { RON Eien
-from the Sole Proprietor, Telegrams: “ MEAT, BIRMINGHAM.”

J. W. DENNIS, Chemist, LOUTH, Lincs.

\ATCHING and <
ie REED LAYING.
| : J. G COWELL, SOHAM.

ARTIFICIAL MANURES.

How to Maxg, Buy, VALUE AND. USE.
Price One Shilling. Post Free, Is. 24d:
W. A. MAY, ‘*Mark Lane Express,’’ 3, Wellington St., W.

__ PIGS FOR BACON.

GHAS. & THOS. HARRIS & CO., Ltd., Bacon Curers, Calne, Wilts, are always open
| buy prime quality pigs from 6 sc. 10 lbs. to 10sc. 10 lbs. :

Kindly mention this Journal. ESTABLISHED 1770.

xiv THE JOURNAL OF THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.-—-Advertisements.

i

Re
bcd ,
ny) Bs
;

| *y

;

(3 THE JOURNAL OF THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.— Advertisements.

AS PHOSPHATIC MANURE FOR

RASSLAND AND AUTUMN- SOWN CROPS

ON EVERY DESCRIPTION OF SOIL
USE

ALBERTS BASIC SLAG
(Original Brand: “Thomas’ Phosphate Powder’’)
Sold on precise guarantees of

CITRIC SOLUBLE . PHOSPHATES

_ iby standard method. Fineness as usual.

Write for Descriptive Pamphlets to

won WORKS, late H. & E. ALBERT, 15, Philpot Lane, LONDON, E.C.

lotash —_|| ANTHRACITE COAL.

}iIT, SULPHATE of POTASH, HORTICULTURAL
HuRuTE of POTASH, &c.

| Kanures afford the cheapest means of supplying PURPOSES
| " Potash, which is + Da 8
(SENTIAL FOR ALL CROPS.

ier and better the crop required, the more : TR ADE M ARK

Manvre peacers.| | Absolutely

The Chief Coittereial Agents are :— k [
ILAND & IRELAND—Messrs. BERK & Co.,] Sino G 6Ss.
1, Fenchurch Avenue, London.

ND—Messrs. CAMERON, SWAN & Co.,

icholas Buildings, Newcastle-on-Tyne. s s
AND—Mr. H. KNOBLAUCH, 28, Baltic Large Coal and Cobbles supplied in

7. Street, Leith. ;
AND —Messts. SCHNEIDER & Co., | truck loads to all parts of the United
13, Bath Street, Glasgow. Kingdom.

ars may be obtained from the above, and
phiets and advice on Manuring from the Pvicss on application to
a on ee t

ICULTURAL OFFICE | Be
HE POTASH SYNDICATE, | | Gwaun-Cae-Gurwen Colliery Co., Ltd.,

TORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W. :
TH BRIDGE, EDINBURGH. | Swansea, S. Wales.

ROAD MATERIALS.

UNTSORREL, GRANITE CO.,

LIMITED.

TANTON, on the South Leicestershire Branch of the London & North=Western Railway.

q} «sonry, Millstones and_ Rollers, Kerb, Paving Setts, Randoms or Rough Setts,
of yarious sizes, Concreters’ Material, Granite Sand, &c., &c. , delivered to all parts of
by Rail or Water. Full Particulars and Prices on Application.

€38- ‘MOUNTSORREL, near LOUGHBOROUGH. Telegr aphie Addy ess—‘' GRANITE, MOUNTSORREL.”’
ef Post Office Tdephone—" No. 4 LoucHBorougH.”

B

: ——

WONDERFUL
SUCCESS OF

Over

500

Gold, etc.,
Medais
have been
awarded for
the produce
of

Sutton’s
Seeds.

Illustrated
Catalogues

of all the best
warieties of
Mangel, Swede
and Turnip Seed

on application.

SUTTON

& SONS,

THE TWO
TWENTY GUINEA CUPS

graciously presented by

HIS MAJESTY THE KING

for the best root crops in the dig
the Royal East Berks and Royal Sou
Agricultural Associations Saye been

Messrs, SUTTON'S GUSTOME

In the Royal East Berks Agricultural
by ; | |

T. ROSE, Esaq., Wire a
exclusively with the produce ot Sutt n’
In the Royal South Bucks Agricul
tion by

T. W. PURSER, Esq,, Colnbrook.

94 ROYAL GUPS vaLue

THE KINGS BEA
SEEDSMEN RE

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Se Sona: eras sn rr aT age My Bate : BRAT
Ty Se ee q en9* a a a pe a eR Se ee a a age Pome og
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